Diabetes is a disease in which the body doesn't produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas, an organ near the stomach. Insulin is needed to turn sugar and other food into energy. When you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use its own insulin as well as it should, or both. This causes sugars to build up too high in your blood.
Diabetes mellitus is defined as a fasting blood glucose of 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or more. “Pre-diabetes” is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet diabetic. People with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke, and have one of these conditions:
impaired fasting glucose (100 to 125 mg/dL)
impaired glucose tolerance (fasting glucose less than 126 mg/dL and a glucose level between 140 and 199 mg/dL two hours after taking an oral glucose tolerance test)
Showing posts with label Diabetes mellitus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Diabetes mellitus. Show all posts
11.11.08
Diabetes governance prescriptions
1. Small sea mussels get meat, apparently Dunshu, warm clothes several times a day.
2. 20 large river snail, in clean water basin, to drift sand, cement flesh out a small increase in rice wine and a half cups, mixing, and then to water Dunshu, Yin Tang, the 1st day.
2. 20 large river snail, in clean water basin, to drift sand, cement flesh out a small increase in rice wine and a half cups, mixing, and then to water Dunshu, Yin Tang, the 1st day.
Early symptoms of diabetes self-examination
First of all, need to know what the symptoms of diabetes, you can find traces of it.
Some people feel healthy. For example, weight loss, he felt the money Nanmai old thin, eat and drink the body, may be entirely wasted. Actual symptoms of diabetes is about two blocks. I called a few more than 3, more than 3 What does it mean? Known as much urine, eat more, drink more. Than normal or than the original situation more. At the same time, and body weight and physical decline. Weight and physical decline called a few. Is not thin, not thin majority of diabetics. Is the heaviest weight than the decline that time. If you find you are eating more than the original, more water than the original. But the strength of your body weight is not that good. Eating more than the body should be good, your strength and well, a little drop in body weight, tired easily, check! This is actually a lot of people when blood sugar of diabetes has reached the standard.
The second case is that some people fasting hypoglycemia, he is no more thirsty to drink urine and more. However, he is not hungry before eating feel. This is not under the control meal meal. Do not feel hungry for something to eat flustered. Some people say he's riding off, the way things have to get something to eat, or not to home. This is likely to be slow the secretion of insulin. Insulin secretion and slow sync is not a high blood sugar. Low blood sugar instead of high insulin and the cause of this, it is also a symptom.
There are some complications. For example, itching skin, boils easily long, there is a black spot known as the anterior tibial characterization. Touch a piece of black legs. Consumers can not quickly, not Xiaodiao, a, is black. The front legs are black. This is a lot of people who have diabetes do. Then there is a good vision. Close the distance are not clear. It is not for ophthalmic complications. But because of high blood sugar, eyes of the victims, the patients always see clearly. Of course there are some complications, such as cataract, and retinopathy. Also affected the growth and development, child growth and development of diabetes may be affected. These clues do not give up, as long as there is in fact just can not think of diabetes, there is no check is not. Want to check drop of blood will be able to check out, do not delay. Any of the diseases, including AIDS, said that sooner or later one day be able to cure. Diabetes one day be the cure.
Some people feel healthy. For example, weight loss, he felt the money Nanmai old thin, eat and drink the body, may be entirely wasted. Actual symptoms of diabetes is about two blocks. I called a few more than 3, more than 3 What does it mean? Known as much urine, eat more, drink more. Than normal or than the original situation more. At the same time, and body weight and physical decline. Weight and physical decline called a few. Is not thin, not thin majority of diabetics. Is the heaviest weight than the decline that time. If you find you are eating more than the original, more water than the original. But the strength of your body weight is not that good. Eating more than the body should be good, your strength and well, a little drop in body weight, tired easily, check! This is actually a lot of people when blood sugar of diabetes has reached the standard.
The second case is that some people fasting hypoglycemia, he is no more thirsty to drink urine and more. However, he is not hungry before eating feel. This is not under the control meal meal. Do not feel hungry for something to eat flustered. Some people say he's riding off, the way things have to get something to eat, or not to home. This is likely to be slow the secretion of insulin. Insulin secretion and slow sync is not a high blood sugar. Low blood sugar instead of high insulin and the cause of this, it is also a symptom.
There are some complications. For example, itching skin, boils easily long, there is a black spot known as the anterior tibial characterization. Touch a piece of black legs. Consumers can not quickly, not Xiaodiao, a, is black. The front legs are black. This is a lot of people who have diabetes do. Then there is a good vision. Close the distance are not clear. It is not for ophthalmic complications. But because of high blood sugar, eyes of the victims, the patients always see clearly. Of course there are some complications, such as cataract, and retinopathy. Also affected the growth and development, child growth and development of diabetes may be affected. These clues do not give up, as long as there is in fact just can not think of diabetes, there is no check is not. Want to check drop of blood will be able to check out, do not delay. Any of the diseases, including AIDS, said that sooner or later one day be able to cure. Diabetes one day be the cure.
Diabetes and emergency first aid
First of all, to judge the patients belong to the common following the accident and what kind of diabetes
1, ketosis and ketoacidosis
(1) mechanism: As the shortage of insulin, the cells can be used to reduce the energy, leading to speed up the decomposition of body fat. Ketone body fat is to break down after the material, normal little content in the blood, hardly a test. When the fat to speed up decomposition, ketones in the blood increased significantly, that is called ketosis. At this time, it will become acidic blood, called ketoacidosis, and severe cases occur in a coma.
(2) performance:
① suffering from a variety of infections in vulnerable or all of a sudden suspension of the treatment of diabetes occurred.
② loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
③ drowsiness, confusion, the better to speed up breathing, bad breath, such as Ping Guowei, the last occurrence in a coma.
④ laboratory examination: high blood sugar, blood ketone body emerged, blood becomes acidic.
2, hypoglycemia, low blood sugar coma
(1) mechanism
① diabetes drug treatment of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin injection methods. The results are easy to make to lower blood sugar. However, if the improper use, so that blood sugar drop too much, it would cause the occurrence of low blood sugar.
② If the patient due to various reasons, poor appetite, or not eating, diarrhea, vomiting, but usually in accordance with the level of use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin injections, not only出现低血糖reaction, severe cases can cause low blood sugar coma .
(2) to identify hypoglycemia
① flustered, cold sweat, trembling body.
② abnormal fasting or hunger, nausea.
③ lethargy, drowsiness, headache, lack of concentration.
(3) to identify low blood sugar coma
① before the flustered, cold sweat, nausea feeling, gradually sleeping, it should not be called.
② time in the morning, how is also called the ground, her hair cool, we can see a cold sweat, but found no obvious signs of life is not normal.
③ history of diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agents, in recent days do not normally eat, or diarrhea, vomiting, fever, a gradual emergence of consciousness, trance mind, for the development of the coma.
Diabetic coma principles of first aid
In the past history of diabetes, all of a sudden coma, and no other cause, first of all suspected diabetic coma, and coma may be the emergency first-aid principles.
(1) Lateral Horizontal patients with lateral side of the head to keep airway to remove vomit, to prevent the misuse of attracting from suffocation.
(2) careful observation of changes in the condition if it is found to stop breathing, artificial respiration immediately.
(3) the rapid call "120" emergency calls will be promptly taken to hospital for emergency treatment of patients.
Due to diabetes-induced coma, in addition to the reasons for low blood sugar, blood sugar can cause a significant rise hyperosmolar coma, so in a coma was not clear when the reasons for patients not to be fed sugar water, so as not to add to the disease. And unconscious patients to the syrup to feed easily lead to suffocation or choking.
Diabetic coma first-aid points:
① the past history of diabetes, all of a sudden coma, and no other cause, first of all suspected diabetic coma.
② unconscious by the first-aid principles: to maintain airway and prevent aspiration vomit.
③ call "120" first-aid staff, patients will be sent to the hospital, first of all to check blood sugar in order to determine the direction of the treatment of the disease.
④ Do not feed sugar to the patient in a coma in order to avoid choking or suffocation.
Of the above, there are homes of people with diabetes should keep in mind!
Diabetes after the fall of the first-aid measures
1 to be judged in a coma or sudden death. Usual "health" stable condition, or those who suddenly appeared in 1 hour loss of consciousness, the main artery pulse and fall away, can be found in diabetic patients with heart disease. In the course of treatment of diabetes complicated by hypoglycemia easy coma, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar nonketotic-coma. In a coma before the general fatigue, anorexia, dizziness, fall. Once the sudden death of the patient should immediately implement the CPR, that is, external cardiac massage, artificial respiration, and so on.
2 is to determine transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. TIA is the carotid artery, vertebral artery and the main artery in the brain lesions caused by transient ischemic neurological deficit or. TIA patients suffering from diabetes and stroke risk of non-diabetic patients 2-3 times. Stroke usually dizziness, vertigo, the side of the limb weakness, paralysis, such as dyskinesia. For all of a sudden loss of consciousness or fell to the ground, as far as possible should move, should not cling to the patient and shake Youhan in an attempt to awaken the patient. Could be released slowly to sit flat, at the same time carefully to head toward the side in order to prevent misuse of inhaled vomit trachea have suffocated. First aid at the scene, call 120 as soon as possible.
3 to determine whether the fracture. According to statistics, diabetes in 1 / 3 have osteoporosis, and easily lead to vertebral compression fractures, hip or neck fracture, and so on. After the fracture may appear deformed limbs, do not leave the normal activities of the joint, bone or bone rubbing a sense of fricative, and so on. By those who are suspected fracture to deal with fractures: to be quiet, warm, bleeding, pain, prevent shock; with gauze bandage, and then fixed on the spot; suspected fracture of the spine to keep the wounded body motionless, in particular, should be avoided All activities of the spine, no-one head, the other foot, and other non-action. Been fixed immediately transferred to hospital.
1, ketosis and ketoacidosis
(1) mechanism: As the shortage of insulin, the cells can be used to reduce the energy, leading to speed up the decomposition of body fat. Ketone body fat is to break down after the material, normal little content in the blood, hardly a test. When the fat to speed up decomposition, ketones in the blood increased significantly, that is called ketosis. At this time, it will become acidic blood, called ketoacidosis, and severe cases occur in a coma.
(2) performance:
① suffering from a variety of infections in vulnerable or all of a sudden suspension of the treatment of diabetes occurred.
② loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.
③ drowsiness, confusion, the better to speed up breathing, bad breath, such as Ping Guowei, the last occurrence in a coma.
④ laboratory examination: high blood sugar, blood ketone body emerged, blood becomes acidic.
2, hypoglycemia, low blood sugar coma
(1) mechanism
① diabetes drug treatment of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin injection methods. The results are easy to make to lower blood sugar. However, if the improper use, so that blood sugar drop too much, it would cause the occurrence of low blood sugar.
② If the patient due to various reasons, poor appetite, or not eating, diarrhea, vomiting, but usually in accordance with the level of use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin injections, not only出现低血糖reaction, severe cases can cause low blood sugar coma .
(2) to identify hypoglycemia
① flustered, cold sweat, trembling body.
② abnormal fasting or hunger, nausea.
③ lethargy, drowsiness, headache, lack of concentration.
(3) to identify low blood sugar coma
① before the flustered, cold sweat, nausea feeling, gradually sleeping, it should not be called.
② time in the morning, how is also called the ground, her hair cool, we can see a cold sweat, but found no obvious signs of life is not normal.
③ history of diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agents, in recent days do not normally eat, or diarrhea, vomiting, fever, a gradual emergence of consciousness, trance mind, for the development of the coma.
Diabetic coma principles of first aid
In the past history of diabetes, all of a sudden coma, and no other cause, first of all suspected diabetic coma, and coma may be the emergency first-aid principles.
(1) Lateral Horizontal patients with lateral side of the head to keep airway to remove vomit, to prevent the misuse of attracting from suffocation.
(2) careful observation of changes in the condition if it is found to stop breathing, artificial respiration immediately.
(3) the rapid call "120" emergency calls will be promptly taken to hospital for emergency treatment of patients.
Due to diabetes-induced coma, in addition to the reasons for low blood sugar, blood sugar can cause a significant rise hyperosmolar coma, so in a coma was not clear when the reasons for patients not to be fed sugar water, so as not to add to the disease. And unconscious patients to the syrup to feed easily lead to suffocation or choking.
Diabetic coma first-aid points:
① the past history of diabetes, all of a sudden coma, and no other cause, first of all suspected diabetic coma.
② unconscious by the first-aid principles: to maintain airway and prevent aspiration vomit.
③ call "120" first-aid staff, patients will be sent to the hospital, first of all to check blood sugar in order to determine the direction of the treatment of the disease.
④ Do not feed sugar to the patient in a coma in order to avoid choking or suffocation.
Of the above, there are homes of people with diabetes should keep in mind!
Diabetes after the fall of the first-aid measures
1 to be judged in a coma or sudden death. Usual "health" stable condition, or those who suddenly appeared in 1 hour loss of consciousness, the main artery pulse and fall away, can be found in diabetic patients with heart disease. In the course of treatment of diabetes complicated by hypoglycemia easy coma, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar nonketotic-coma. In a coma before the general fatigue, anorexia, dizziness, fall. Once the sudden death of the patient should immediately implement the CPR, that is, external cardiac massage, artificial respiration, and so on.
2 is to determine transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke. TIA is the carotid artery, vertebral artery and the main artery in the brain lesions caused by transient ischemic neurological deficit or. TIA patients suffering from diabetes and stroke risk of non-diabetic patients 2-3 times. Stroke usually dizziness, vertigo, the side of the limb weakness, paralysis, such as dyskinesia. For all of a sudden loss of consciousness or fell to the ground, as far as possible should move, should not cling to the patient and shake Youhan in an attempt to awaken the patient. Could be released slowly to sit flat, at the same time carefully to head toward the side in order to prevent misuse of inhaled vomit trachea have suffocated. First aid at the scene, call 120 as soon as possible.
3 to determine whether the fracture. According to statistics, diabetes in 1 / 3 have osteoporosis, and easily lead to vertebral compression fractures, hip or neck fracture, and so on. After the fracture may appear deformed limbs, do not leave the normal activities of the joint, bone or bone rubbing a sense of fricative, and so on. By those who are suspected fracture to deal with fractures: to be quiet, warm, bleeding, pain, prevent shock; with gauze bandage, and then fixed on the spot; suspected fracture of the spine to keep the wounded body motionless, in particular, should be avoided All activities of the spine, no-one head, the other foot, and other non-action. Been fixed immediately transferred to hospital.
Diabetes physical therapy
Can be physical with the aid of instruments such as physical therapy (health management). Specific methods are as follows
1) into the pancreas, Lei Xia left corresponding to the waist and put a piece paste
2) election match point program: Feishu - Feishu, Pi Yu - Yu stomach, Shenshu - Shenshu, Zusanli - Sanyinjiao
1) into the pancreas, Lei Xia left corresponding to the waist and put a piece paste
2) election match point program: Feishu - Feishu, Pi Yu - Yu stomach, Shenshu - Shenshu, Zusanli - Sanyinjiao
Diabetic condition monitoring
The goal of diabetes treatment is to control blood sugar close to normal as possible so that it in turn to reduce all kinds of diabetes acute and chronic complications and development and improving the quality of life Bingyou Men, and to achieve this goal is a necessary precondition for the good of condition monitoring. In diabetes patients to monitor the condition of life have an important role, it is only through good condition monitoring can adjust your diet and exercise adjustments, changes in the treatment of insulin to provide the correct reference, otherwise, your treatment of diabetes, your insulin dose adjustments, you Diet and exercise adjustments were blind to grope in the dark what is the difference between them? Remind patients: patients must do a good job in monitoring the detailed records.
Each patient should have their blood glucose self-monitoring diary, and to develop a daily record of good habits, blood glucose self-monitoring diary include:
1. Measuring blood sugar, urine sugar HbAlc or the date, time.
2. And the relationship between food, that is, before eating or after a meal.
3. Urine sugar, or glucose.
4. Injection of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents served the time and type of dose.
5. Any effect on blood sugar of factors, such as food type and quantity of exercise, illness, and so on.
6. Hypoglycemia symptoms appear, and drugs, eating or exercise the relationship between the symptoms of experience, and so on.
Every time I go to the hospital should be good to bring your blood glucose monitoring diary, with the doctor about how to adjust the treatment.
Finally, if there is any health problems, and in a timely manner should contact your doctor or diabetes to answer the Advisory Network.
Each patient should have their blood glucose self-monitoring diary, and to develop a daily record of good habits, blood glucose self-monitoring diary include:
1. Measuring blood sugar, urine sugar HbAlc or the date, time.
2. And the relationship between food, that is, before eating or after a meal.
3. Urine sugar, or glucose.
4. Injection of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents served the time and type of dose.
5. Any effect on blood sugar of factors, such as food type and quantity of exercise, illness, and so on.
6. Hypoglycemia symptoms appear, and drugs, eating or exercise the relationship between the symptoms of experience, and so on.
Every time I go to the hospital should be good to bring your blood glucose monitoring diary, with the doctor about how to adjust the treatment.
Finally, if there is any health problems, and in a timely manner should contact your doctor or diabetes to answer the Advisory Network.
The diabetes health care
From the statement in front of the pathological analysis of diabetes is extremely low blood gas symptoms, the health-care methods and the majority of diseases, is still the first step back to the first Yangxue in a gas-San Zhao in the first two strokes, that is, by the guts out Zaoshuizaoqi and to enable rapid rise in blood gas.
An increase in blood gas, along with normal human production of energy, will continue to rise in blood sugar, to a certain extent, will start a gradual decline until the return to normal. In the understanding of this process, the rise in blood sugar do not have to care, as long as the rising sense of strength, abnormal physical symptoms are getting better, it means the disease is slowly moving out of the body are also being gradually recovered.
Uremia and health care, gas at up to a certain extent, the body will start early to deal with accumulated disease, the symptoms may be very complicated, time necessary to find the right medicine practitioners to help deal with.
In the event of any disease symptoms, and doctors did not find the right before their own health care the most appropriate method is to conduct a first-San Zhao, nourishing and gas in the third stroke, cardiac massage by. In accordance with this chapter or in a cold, according to different seasons for different meridians of health care. That is, strengthening the liver through the spring of health care, strengthen the heart by the summer, after the fall of strengthening the lung, and kidney by the strengthening of the winter, and so on.
Description:
From clinical experience, it was found that diabetic patients have muscle appears to be less than the average man, at the same time, in custody for a blood gas after the emergence of high blood sugar symptoms after a period of time and then gradually decline.
We have the usual handshake, will be able to easily from the bone with some of the soft palm of identified diabetic patients who consumed the palm of your hand muscles have been lost. These people usually remain in the physical examination when the symptoms of diabetes could not, be nursed back to health after a two or three months before high blood sugar symptoms of diabetes.
After guiding many of our health care of people with diabetes, take good care of oneself in the process, not for their diabetes any special treatment, the patients be nursed back to health for some time, blood gas rose to a certain extent, when the white hair falling gradually, with black hair grow After diabetes symptoms disappear naturally.
From them, we sum up the experience of diabetes occurred in logic, this logic and traditional knowledge of diabetes is totally different, it can be said is a kind of alternative thinking. However, according to this logic not only be able to accurately predict the occurrence of diabetes, in order to be able to develop more accurate methods of health care, real overcome diabetes.
An increase in blood gas, along with normal human production of energy, will continue to rise in blood sugar, to a certain extent, will start a gradual decline until the return to normal. In the understanding of this process, the rise in blood sugar do not have to care, as long as the rising sense of strength, abnormal physical symptoms are getting better, it means the disease is slowly moving out of the body are also being gradually recovered.
Uremia and health care, gas at up to a certain extent, the body will start early to deal with accumulated disease, the symptoms may be very complicated, time necessary to find the right medicine practitioners to help deal with.
In the event of any disease symptoms, and doctors did not find the right before their own health care the most appropriate method is to conduct a first-San Zhao, nourishing and gas in the third stroke, cardiac massage by. In accordance with this chapter or in a cold, according to different seasons for different meridians of health care. That is, strengthening the liver through the spring of health care, strengthen the heart by the summer, after the fall of strengthening the lung, and kidney by the strengthening of the winter, and so on.
Description:
From clinical experience, it was found that diabetic patients have muscle appears to be less than the average man, at the same time, in custody for a blood gas after the emergence of high blood sugar symptoms after a period of time and then gradually decline.
We have the usual handshake, will be able to easily from the bone with some of the soft palm of identified diabetic patients who consumed the palm of your hand muscles have been lost. These people usually remain in the physical examination when the symptoms of diabetes could not, be nursed back to health after a two or three months before high blood sugar symptoms of diabetes.
After guiding many of our health care of people with diabetes, take good care of oneself in the process, not for their diabetes any special treatment, the patients be nursed back to health for some time, blood gas rose to a certain extent, when the white hair falling gradually, with black hair grow After diabetes symptoms disappear naturally.
From them, we sum up the experience of diabetes occurred in logic, this logic and traditional knowledge of diabetes is totally different, it can be said is a kind of alternative thinking. However, according to this logic not only be able to accurately predict the occurrence of diabetes, in order to be able to develop more accurate methods of health care, real overcome diabetes.
Several diabetes therapeutic porridge
1: Yao Yu Shan March 7: March 7 5 grams, 60 grams of Health yam, 60 grams of japonica rice, butter amount of japonica rice, add water as usual Zhuzhou law. Peeled yam paste for the butter after speculation, so that setting, with key bits, the release mix well with porridge, for breakfast food. : Runfei spleen, Qi solid. Indications: yin and yang deficiency or Yin Deficiency type 2 diabetes. Zhengjianshenpi fatigue, dry mouth Yangan, loss of appetite, Yao Xi languid, easy to knot or alternating diarrhea and constipation, palpitation, or see and spontaneous perspiration, dizziness or tinnitus, or Ma limb pain, or Shiwumohu. Chihen tongue or a fat tongue bleak, white or dry Toi, the clock can not fine Shen.
2: Pueraria lobata flour porridge: Pueraria lobata 30 grams, 50 grams of japonica rice. Pueraria will slice, Water Mill cheng take starch, water and shelter japonica, and with the powder into the casserole Pueraria lobata, 500 ml water, taking slow fire Zhu Zhi thick porridge. : Chufan heat, Shengjinzhike. Of modern Pueraria pharmacological studies have proven to reduce blood sugar, and cardio-cerebral vascular expansion, with moderate blood pressure lowering effect. Indications: yin deficiency type 2 Huo-wang, Zheng Jian drink more than dry mouth, irritability upset, Xingqingjizao, easy to eat more hunger, dry and hard stool, urine mixed color yellow, less mamillata Tianjin, dry yellow tongue coating, and pulse a few slip.
3: Shengde Huang porridge: 150 grams of fresh raw land, apparently washed with gauze Ji Zhi. First with 50 grams of japonica rice, 500 ml water, boiled thick porridge, juice Shengde Huang will join the slow fire Zaizhu a boil, you can eat, one or two a day. : Heat and cooling blood, Yin Sheng Jin. Modern pharmacological research has shown that raw land to enhance myocardial contraction, and diuretic to lower blood sugar. Indications: yin deficiency heat Sheng-diabetes, Zheng Jian polydipsia drink more, eat more easy day, the amount of frequency, stool stem end. Mamillata less Tianjin, Huang moss and dry, slip a few veins.
2: Pueraria lobata flour porridge: Pueraria lobata 30 grams, 50 grams of japonica rice. Pueraria will slice, Water Mill cheng take starch, water and shelter japonica, and with the powder into the casserole Pueraria lobata, 500 ml water, taking slow fire Zhu Zhi thick porridge. : Chufan heat, Shengjinzhike. Of modern Pueraria pharmacological studies have proven to reduce blood sugar, and cardio-cerebral vascular expansion, with moderate blood pressure lowering effect. Indications: yin deficiency type 2 Huo-wang, Zheng Jian drink more than dry mouth, irritability upset, Xingqingjizao, easy to eat more hunger, dry and hard stool, urine mixed color yellow, less mamillata Tianjin, dry yellow tongue coating, and pulse a few slip.
3: Shengde Huang porridge: 150 grams of fresh raw land, apparently washed with gauze Ji Zhi. First with 50 grams of japonica rice, 500 ml water, boiled thick porridge, juice Shengde Huang will join the slow fire Zaizhu a boil, you can eat, one or two a day. : Heat and cooling blood, Yin Sheng Jin. Modern pharmacological research has shown that raw land to enhance myocardial contraction, and diuretic to lower blood sugar. Indications: yin deficiency heat Sheng-diabetes, Zheng Jian polydipsia drink more, eat more easy day, the amount of frequency, stool stem end. Mamillata less Tianjin, Huang moss and dry, slip a few veins.
Diabetic food and recipes
1, fruit categories:
Apple: cool and, sweet, slightly acid and some varieties, make up with heart Qi, Jin-sheng cough, stomach and spleen, Chu Fan, Jieshu, such as the effectiveness of the sober. Apple as a result of the slow absorption of sugar and evenly, so that it can reduce blood sugar, especially after meal blood sugar, diabetics have a good effect.
Pear: cold, sweet, Micro, a cooler of fruit. Zimbabwe has a sheng, Runfei, heat, cold heart, Xiaotan, Reduce Pathogenic Fire, the only heat cough, such as the role of detoxification. Polydipsia attending fever, cough Feire, Tan Duo, hot wind in children, aphonia sore throat, sore red eyes, constipation big knot, a small yellow urine Dengzheng.
Peach: warm peach, sweet and acid. As a result of a rich peach with glucose and fructose, sweet and juicy, with Chun-sheng, Runchang, promoting blood circulation, eliminate the plot, beneficial blood, the color emollients, such as the effectiveness of Yin convergence Khan. Zimbabwe attending constipation, dry bowel injury, closed, Xu Lao cough, blood tumor, sweating deficiency, Dengzheng coronary heart disease. Peach also has a "color-yi, Laofa solution" effectiveness of our predecessors also "be able to eat peaches Advanced Wrinkle Reducer", said. Tixu apply to old age and beauty. Zhiya between the peach tree with plastic Jianchaling Yin Fu Tao, diabetes and high blood pressure rule.
Oranges: The flesh of cool, Weisuan. Zimbabwe has a sheng heat, gas Xiaotan down, and in an appetizer, sober and so on the efficacy of thirst. Jin injury attending fever, body heat sweat, thirsty, cough Tan Chuan, Wan Nadai nausea, thirst Dengzheng drunk.
Grapefruit: cold, sweet and acid. With gas under Xiaotan, Jianweixiaoshi, edema analgesic, Liyan, and other anti-inflammatory efficacy. Main Zhiwei Bing, food is not the plot, chronic cough, asthma Tanduo, Yang Tong throat, fever Dengzheng thirsty. It has been proved: There are anti-inflammatory effects of grapefruit, which is a component Naringin, there is inhibition of virus infection. At the same time, some people believe that fresh grapefruit juice, containing insulin-like elements, to reduce blood sugar to protect the cardiovascular, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure in patients with obesity Chang Shi Yi.
Litchi: warm, sweet and acid. With spleen Qi, nourishing Yigan, thirst, educational, speaks, antidotes, such as antidiarrheal effectiveness. Attending Jiuxie deficiency, more than hiccup, uterine bleeding blood deficiency, enuresis in children, scrofula Li, drug boil, varioliform Dengzheng.
Cherry: warm, sweet. Qi has Buxu, spleen and stomach dysfunction, sweating, expelling wind Touzhen, detoxification, skin ulcers in the efficacy of beauty, and so on. Attending iron deficiency anemia, paralysis, numbness in the limbs, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, back pain, frostbite, anemia, Dengzheng burn. As a result of which contain pectin, to increase the secretion of insulin, blood sugar can drop, the role of the treatment of diabetes.
Yangmei: warm, sweet and acid. Zimbabwe has a sheng quench their thirst of Xiaoshi stomach and effectiveness. Attending expectorant, antiemetic, consumer letter, dysentery, cholera Tuxie, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes Dengzheng.
Diabetes can eat dark chocolate and blueberry.
2, grain cereals:
Wheat: Effects: Wheat and cool, sweet. Yang Xin has soothe the nerves, kidney, stomach intestinal thick, with the exception of hot thirst, Khan convergence, such as the effectiveness of Zhili. Attending diabetes, disturbed mind, do not bother virtual dormancy, Zheng Chong palpitations, hysteria, diarrhea Dengzheng deficiency.
Oats: Paper, also known as oats, brome, wild wheat. Efficacy: temperature of oats, sweet. And with Yiganling spleen, the effectiveness of oxytocin Hua Chang. Tixu after the main treatment of diabetes, Nadai, constipation, difficulty Dengzheng. In addition, antiperspirants, the efficacy of bleeding, or rule Xu Han, sweating, bleeding Dengzheng. Because of its Hua Chang, oxytocin, the fasting pregnant women.
Buckwheat: also known as naked oats, wheat oil, Wumai, buckwheat flowers, wheat 30 cents, jade Michael, sweet buckwheat. Efficacy: of cold buckwheat, sweet. With wet heat, wide-intestinal appetizer, the next consumer product such as the effectiveness of the gas. Attending the first wind pain, gastrointestinal Ji Zhi, bacillary dysentery, diarrhea fever, sore boil erysipelas diabetes, taken off the whitish Dengzheng; external heat can be antidote. As the buckwheat contains red-fluorescent, in particular, to spend more, some people can have food allergies, light (buckwheat disease), such as ear, nose and swelling and inflammation, etc., eye conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchial Go far, it should be cause for concern. Because of cold, fresh dynamic of the cold, the chronic illness, suffering from skin allergies and stomach Cold those fasting.
Millet: for the efficacy of cold, sweet and salty. Qingxudong with fever, fill Xu Sun, and so on the effectiveness of the spleen and stomach health. The main medical treatment, post-natal Tixu, weak stomach, do not think diet, diarrhea and vomiting, dyspepsia in children, dry mouth Dengzheng polydipsia; Yin and still fluid, Yang Shen of the effectiveness of the gas, dry mouth rule Diabetes , Yao Xi puny, only Xie Li, Li urine; external governance can be red hot and Dan, the fire burns, and so on. Millet for basic food, rheumatism, gout, diabetes, high blood acidity can not eat cereal acid, eat millet will not have any discomfort.
Corn: the effectiveness of sexual-ping, Sweet. In tune with the appetizer, customs facilitation water, hypoglycemic, such as lowering efficacy. Attending poor appetite, chronic nephritis edema, urinary tract stones, and ascites Niaoshao, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, edema, jaundice Dengzheng.
Soy: Soy-ping, Sweet. Buxu with heat to facilitate, dehumidification, spleen, middle-wide effectiveness. Huang weak surface charge, the plot stomach heat, edema, a negative urine, rheumatoid Bitong, Dengzheng habitual constipation. Bean "in width under the gas, Lee stool, swelling drug" effect. Can be dressed in uniforms or control high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, diabetes and other diseases.
Black beans: black beans and flat, sweet. Yin and Kidney with, promoting blood circulation blood, Lee dehumidifier water, expelling wind, and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Diabetes Kidney attending, infertility, deafness, spontaneous perspiration sweating, and all post-natal disease, stroke, weak legs, heads of dark blood deficiency and lower blood, Zhang Man edema, beriberi, jaundice Dengzheng edema. Wind can also rule Bi twin tendons, bone pain.
Pearl barley: of cool, sweet, light. Heat with drainage, water Shen Shi Lei, such as the effectiveness of the spleen to stop diarrhea. Attending beriberi edema, rheumatoid Bitong, the deficiency diarrhea, red urine short, the twin NF acute pulmonary abscess, appendicitis, appendicitis, hot water, Deng Zheng Shilin Diabetes.
Mung bean: cold, sweet. With heat-clearing and detoxifying, diuretic, and so on the effectiveness of heat. I believe that my sore carbuncle attending heat, a variety of edema, water and fire burn, milk carbuncle, Diabetes, Zhasai, polydipsia heat, blood fat and a variety of Deng Zheng poisoning. And the effectiveness of anti-allergy, urticaria, and other governance allergic diseases.
Pea: Sex-ping, Sweet. And with the lower air, water and so on the effectiveness of detoxification profits. Attending poor urine, Zhang Man in the lower abdomen, and no less than post-natal milk, diabetes, athlete's foot, swollen Dengzheng carbuncle.
Cowpea: Sex-ping, Sweet. Spleen with kidney effectiveness. Attending food product, bloating, indigestion in children, belch, diabetes, Dengzheng off. For external use can relieve antidote.
Lentils: Sex-ping, Sweet. Qu Shu has, Huashi, spleen and middle-effectiveness. Shushi attending diseases, diarrhea deficiency, Chibai off, rickets in children Dengzheng plot.
Tofu: of cool, sweet. Has a wide and stomach, Runzao Jin-sheng, heat and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Mu Chi attending, diabetes, constipation, sore, Feiretanduo, Deng Zheng Wei Huo bad breath, and sulfur solution, iodine and alcohol.
Doufu Pi: also known as yuba, tofu clothing, 1000. -Ping, sweet, light. Qingfei Yangwei have the effect. Main Feire cough, fever injury Tianjin, dry stool end Dengzheng Diabetes.
3, aquatic products:
1, herring: Ctenopharyngodon also known as black, green snail, Ctenopharyngodon Green, Ukraine, such as mackerel. Meat-ping, Sweet. Qi has Yangwei, Xingpi, Lee Huashi water, such as expelling wind Chufan effectiveness. Attending weak stomach, eat less fatigue, weakness wet beriberi, boredom, malaria, Dengzheng discredited by a few. Bile herring have Qingrejiedu role.
2, Loach: Sweet-ping. With Buzhong, wet Jiemin, detoxification, and other anti-inflammatory efficacy. "Compendium of Materia Medica", said: "Loach in the warm Qi." Attending heat jaundice, male erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, weak Tixu, Diabetes, sweating in children, viral hepatitis, hemorrhoids, boil fingers, scabies and chronic ulcers for a long time Buyu Deng Zheng. This product can fill-ching, who is a virtual available, both are more suitable for liver and gallbladder disease, diabetes, urinary system diseases, the best take good care of oneself, but not be too fresh, too fresh pain in the stomach, liver disease who have a tendency to avoid liver coma Fresh.
3, mussels: cold, sweet and salty. Yin and with the heat, eyesight and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Fanre attending, Diabetes, taken off the uterine bleeding, hemorrhoids fistula, Mu Chi, cough, Weireoue, alcohol poisoning, eczema, kidney deficiency Dengzheng
4, Shell: cold, sweet and salty. With the heat and dampness, detoxification, reducing the effectiveness. Shibuya attending urine pain, swelling and pain Mu Chi, Tan Chuan, nausea, diabetes, jaundice, Shi Du, athlete's foot, swollen boil Deng Zheng.
5, albus: temperature of the meat, sweet. With Buzhong, Qushi, Zhijing expelling wind, strong bones and so on effectiveness. Greed will be attending belly cold, weak, internal bleeding, premature ejaculation impotence, Rectocele, uterine prolapse, Xu Lao cough, diarrhea diabetes, weak bones, Dengzheng otitis media.
6, clams: cold, salty flavor. Runzao with Yin and benefits of water swelling, phlegm, and so on the efficacy of soft Kennedy. Diabetes deficiency, edema uterine bleeding, vaginal discharge, insomnia, acid waist, Niaoshao, Tan Yin, hemorrhoids, swollen lymph nodes, goiter, and other diseases. Because of cold, the body Yang, Cold spleen and stomach, abdominal pain, diarrhea patients should not eat. Not more food, more food there Poxue role.
7, sea cucumber: warm, salty flavor. Kidney has Yijing, Yangxue Runzao, Yang Qiang, Yin and, Tiaojing, child support, such as the effectiveness of the production profits. Attending blood loss, the disease after the weak, suffering from weight loss fatigue, impotence, nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation, the frequency of urine, blood, after all kinds of anemia, and stimulate the secretion of milk, traumatic bleeding, constipation, dry intestines, tuberculosis, neurasthenia Dengzheng.
Sea cucumber contained in a variety of sea cucumber-can inhibit the fungus and some sarcoma; sea cucumber to protection of rectal cancer radiotherapy response.
Sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate contained in the "Advanced Wrinkle Reducer" anti-aging. Sea cucumber extract can also be similar to the structure of the toxin saponin, the stroke of spastic paralysis effective.
As the temperature of sea cucumber, it is not appropriate to eat, especially weak stomach, then Tanduo Chinese people should not eat or deprivation.
8, escargot: meat and cold, sweet. With a diuretic heat, heat to quench their thirst, such as Liver Yin and effectiveness. Attending a negative urine, hot and humid, jaundice, hemorrhoids, Mu Chi, hematochezia, otitis media, nephritis, diabetes Dengzheng. Escargot flesh of cold, non-digestible, fresh off an easy Diarrhea abdominal pain, relief can be used alcohol solution of Radix mill.
4, other products
1. Propolis: Brazil Propolis has a very good prevention and treatment of the effects of diabetes, you can build up their strength, enhance immunity, to confront as a result of diabetes is not easy to heal the wounds caused by ulcers and symptoms.
2. Pumpkin Seed Oil: Germany nutritionist for eight years after a study found that pumpkin seed oil has a unique nutritional and effectiveness: 1. Containing a variety of fatty acids, mainly B-Sitostesin and linoleic acid, and so on, can effectively To deal with the human body fat, cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, diabetes, have a good effect.
Apple: cool and, sweet, slightly acid and some varieties, make up with heart Qi, Jin-sheng cough, stomach and spleen, Chu Fan, Jieshu, such as the effectiveness of the sober. Apple as a result of the slow absorption of sugar and evenly, so that it can reduce blood sugar, especially after meal blood sugar, diabetics have a good effect.
Pear: cold, sweet, Micro, a cooler of fruit. Zimbabwe has a sheng, Runfei, heat, cold heart, Xiaotan, Reduce Pathogenic Fire, the only heat cough, such as the role of detoxification. Polydipsia attending fever, cough Feire, Tan Duo, hot wind in children, aphonia sore throat, sore red eyes, constipation big knot, a small yellow urine Dengzheng.
Peach: warm peach, sweet and acid. As a result of a rich peach with glucose and fructose, sweet and juicy, with Chun-sheng, Runchang, promoting blood circulation, eliminate the plot, beneficial blood, the color emollients, such as the effectiveness of Yin convergence Khan. Zimbabwe attending constipation, dry bowel injury, closed, Xu Lao cough, blood tumor, sweating deficiency, Dengzheng coronary heart disease. Peach also has a "color-yi, Laofa solution" effectiveness of our predecessors also "be able to eat peaches Advanced Wrinkle Reducer", said. Tixu apply to old age and beauty. Zhiya between the peach tree with plastic Jianchaling Yin Fu Tao, diabetes and high blood pressure rule.
Oranges: The flesh of cool, Weisuan. Zimbabwe has a sheng heat, gas Xiaotan down, and in an appetizer, sober and so on the efficacy of thirst. Jin injury attending fever, body heat sweat, thirsty, cough Tan Chuan, Wan Nadai nausea, thirst Dengzheng drunk.
Grapefruit: cold, sweet and acid. With gas under Xiaotan, Jianweixiaoshi, edema analgesic, Liyan, and other anti-inflammatory efficacy. Main Zhiwei Bing, food is not the plot, chronic cough, asthma Tanduo, Yang Tong throat, fever Dengzheng thirsty. It has been proved: There are anti-inflammatory effects of grapefruit, which is a component Naringin, there is inhibition of virus infection. At the same time, some people believe that fresh grapefruit juice, containing insulin-like elements, to reduce blood sugar to protect the cardiovascular, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure in patients with obesity Chang Shi Yi.
Litchi: warm, sweet and acid. With spleen Qi, nourishing Yigan, thirst, educational, speaks, antidotes, such as antidiarrheal effectiveness. Attending Jiuxie deficiency, more than hiccup, uterine bleeding blood deficiency, enuresis in children, scrofula Li, drug boil, varioliform Dengzheng.
Cherry: warm, sweet. Qi has Buxu, spleen and stomach dysfunction, sweating, expelling wind Touzhen, detoxification, skin ulcers in the efficacy of beauty, and so on. Attending iron deficiency anemia, paralysis, numbness in the limbs, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, back pain, frostbite, anemia, Dengzheng burn. As a result of which contain pectin, to increase the secretion of insulin, blood sugar can drop, the role of the treatment of diabetes.
Yangmei: warm, sweet and acid. Zimbabwe has a sheng quench their thirst of Xiaoshi stomach and effectiveness. Attending expectorant, antiemetic, consumer letter, dysentery, cholera Tuxie, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes Dengzheng.
Diabetes can eat dark chocolate and blueberry.
2, grain cereals:
Wheat: Effects: Wheat and cool, sweet. Yang Xin has soothe the nerves, kidney, stomach intestinal thick, with the exception of hot thirst, Khan convergence, such as the effectiveness of Zhili. Attending diabetes, disturbed mind, do not bother virtual dormancy, Zheng Chong palpitations, hysteria, diarrhea Dengzheng deficiency.
Oats: Paper, also known as oats, brome, wild wheat. Efficacy: temperature of oats, sweet. And with Yiganling spleen, the effectiveness of oxytocin Hua Chang. Tixu after the main treatment of diabetes, Nadai, constipation, difficulty Dengzheng. In addition, antiperspirants, the efficacy of bleeding, or rule Xu Han, sweating, bleeding Dengzheng. Because of its Hua Chang, oxytocin, the fasting pregnant women.
Buckwheat: also known as naked oats, wheat oil, Wumai, buckwheat flowers, wheat 30 cents, jade Michael, sweet buckwheat. Efficacy: of cold buckwheat, sweet. With wet heat, wide-intestinal appetizer, the next consumer product such as the effectiveness of the gas. Attending the first wind pain, gastrointestinal Ji Zhi, bacillary dysentery, diarrhea fever, sore boil erysipelas diabetes, taken off the whitish Dengzheng; external heat can be antidote. As the buckwheat contains red-fluorescent, in particular, to spend more, some people can have food allergies, light (buckwheat disease), such as ear, nose and swelling and inflammation, etc., eye conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchial Go far, it should be cause for concern. Because of cold, fresh dynamic of the cold, the chronic illness, suffering from skin allergies and stomach Cold those fasting.
Millet: for the efficacy of cold, sweet and salty. Qingxudong with fever, fill Xu Sun, and so on the effectiveness of the spleen and stomach health. The main medical treatment, post-natal Tixu, weak stomach, do not think diet, diarrhea and vomiting, dyspepsia in children, dry mouth Dengzheng polydipsia; Yin and still fluid, Yang Shen of the effectiveness of the gas, dry mouth rule Diabetes , Yao Xi puny, only Xie Li, Li urine; external governance can be red hot and Dan, the fire burns, and so on. Millet for basic food, rheumatism, gout, diabetes, high blood acidity can not eat cereal acid, eat millet will not have any discomfort.
Corn: the effectiveness of sexual-ping, Sweet. In tune with the appetizer, customs facilitation water, hypoglycemic, such as lowering efficacy. Attending poor appetite, chronic nephritis edema, urinary tract stones, and ascites Niaoshao, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, edema, jaundice Dengzheng.
Soy: Soy-ping, Sweet. Buxu with heat to facilitate, dehumidification, spleen, middle-wide effectiveness. Huang weak surface charge, the plot stomach heat, edema, a negative urine, rheumatoid Bitong, Dengzheng habitual constipation. Bean "in width under the gas, Lee stool, swelling drug" effect. Can be dressed in uniforms or control high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, diabetes and other diseases.
Black beans: black beans and flat, sweet. Yin and Kidney with, promoting blood circulation blood, Lee dehumidifier water, expelling wind, and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Diabetes Kidney attending, infertility, deafness, spontaneous perspiration sweating, and all post-natal disease, stroke, weak legs, heads of dark blood deficiency and lower blood, Zhang Man edema, beriberi, jaundice Dengzheng edema. Wind can also rule Bi twin tendons, bone pain.
Pearl barley: of cool, sweet, light. Heat with drainage, water Shen Shi Lei, such as the effectiveness of the spleen to stop diarrhea. Attending beriberi edema, rheumatoid Bitong, the deficiency diarrhea, red urine short, the twin NF acute pulmonary abscess, appendicitis, appendicitis, hot water, Deng Zheng Shilin Diabetes.
Mung bean: cold, sweet. With heat-clearing and detoxifying, diuretic, and so on the effectiveness of heat. I believe that my sore carbuncle attending heat, a variety of edema, water and fire burn, milk carbuncle, Diabetes, Zhasai, polydipsia heat, blood fat and a variety of Deng Zheng poisoning. And the effectiveness of anti-allergy, urticaria, and other governance allergic diseases.
Pea: Sex-ping, Sweet. And with the lower air, water and so on the effectiveness of detoxification profits. Attending poor urine, Zhang Man in the lower abdomen, and no less than post-natal milk, diabetes, athlete's foot, swollen Dengzheng carbuncle.
Cowpea: Sex-ping, Sweet. Spleen with kidney effectiveness. Attending food product, bloating, indigestion in children, belch, diabetes, Dengzheng off. For external use can relieve antidote.
Lentils: Sex-ping, Sweet. Qu Shu has, Huashi, spleen and middle-effectiveness. Shushi attending diseases, diarrhea deficiency, Chibai off, rickets in children Dengzheng plot.
Tofu: of cool, sweet. Has a wide and stomach, Runzao Jin-sheng, heat and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Mu Chi attending, diabetes, constipation, sore, Feiretanduo, Deng Zheng Wei Huo bad breath, and sulfur solution, iodine and alcohol.
Doufu Pi: also known as yuba, tofu clothing, 1000. -Ping, sweet, light. Qingfei Yangwei have the effect. Main Feire cough, fever injury Tianjin, dry stool end Dengzheng Diabetes.
3, aquatic products:
1, herring: Ctenopharyngodon also known as black, green snail, Ctenopharyngodon Green, Ukraine, such as mackerel. Meat-ping, Sweet. Qi has Yangwei, Xingpi, Lee Huashi water, such as expelling wind Chufan effectiveness. Attending weak stomach, eat less fatigue, weakness wet beriberi, boredom, malaria, Dengzheng discredited by a few. Bile herring have Qingrejiedu role.
2, Loach: Sweet-ping. With Buzhong, wet Jiemin, detoxification, and other anti-inflammatory efficacy. "Compendium of Materia Medica", said: "Loach in the warm Qi." Attending heat jaundice, male erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, weak Tixu, Diabetes, sweating in children, viral hepatitis, hemorrhoids, boil fingers, scabies and chronic ulcers for a long time Buyu Deng Zheng. This product can fill-ching, who is a virtual available, both are more suitable for liver and gallbladder disease, diabetes, urinary system diseases, the best take good care of oneself, but not be too fresh, too fresh pain in the stomach, liver disease who have a tendency to avoid liver coma Fresh.
3, mussels: cold, sweet and salty. Yin and with the heat, eyesight and so on the efficacy of detoxification. Fanre attending, Diabetes, taken off the uterine bleeding, hemorrhoids fistula, Mu Chi, cough, Weireoue, alcohol poisoning, eczema, kidney deficiency Dengzheng
4, Shell: cold, sweet and salty. With the heat and dampness, detoxification, reducing the effectiveness. Shibuya attending urine pain, swelling and pain Mu Chi, Tan Chuan, nausea, diabetes, jaundice, Shi Du, athlete's foot, swollen boil Deng Zheng.
5, albus: temperature of the meat, sweet. With Buzhong, Qushi, Zhijing expelling wind, strong bones and so on effectiveness. Greed will be attending belly cold, weak, internal bleeding, premature ejaculation impotence, Rectocele, uterine prolapse, Xu Lao cough, diarrhea diabetes, weak bones, Dengzheng otitis media.
6, clams: cold, salty flavor. Runzao with Yin and benefits of water swelling, phlegm, and so on the efficacy of soft Kennedy. Diabetes deficiency, edema uterine bleeding, vaginal discharge, insomnia, acid waist, Niaoshao, Tan Yin, hemorrhoids, swollen lymph nodes, goiter, and other diseases. Because of cold, the body Yang, Cold spleen and stomach, abdominal pain, diarrhea patients should not eat. Not more food, more food there Poxue role.
7, sea cucumber: warm, salty flavor. Kidney has Yijing, Yangxue Runzao, Yang Qiang, Yin and, Tiaojing, child support, such as the effectiveness of the production profits. Attending blood loss, the disease after the weak, suffering from weight loss fatigue, impotence, nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation, the frequency of urine, blood, after all kinds of anemia, and stimulate the secretion of milk, traumatic bleeding, constipation, dry intestines, tuberculosis, neurasthenia Dengzheng.
Sea cucumber contained in a variety of sea cucumber-can inhibit the fungus and some sarcoma; sea cucumber to protection of rectal cancer radiotherapy response.
Sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate contained in the "Advanced Wrinkle Reducer" anti-aging. Sea cucumber extract can also be similar to the structure of the toxin saponin, the stroke of spastic paralysis effective.
As the temperature of sea cucumber, it is not appropriate to eat, especially weak stomach, then Tanduo Chinese people should not eat or deprivation.
8, escargot: meat and cold, sweet. With a diuretic heat, heat to quench their thirst, such as Liver Yin and effectiveness. Attending a negative urine, hot and humid, jaundice, hemorrhoids, Mu Chi, hematochezia, otitis media, nephritis, diabetes Dengzheng. Escargot flesh of cold, non-digestible, fresh off an easy Diarrhea abdominal pain, relief can be used alcohol solution of Radix mill.
4, other products
1. Propolis: Brazil Propolis has a very good prevention and treatment of the effects of diabetes, you can build up their strength, enhance immunity, to confront as a result of diabetes is not easy to heal the wounds caused by ulcers and symptoms.
2. Pumpkin Seed Oil: Germany nutritionist for eight years after a study found that pumpkin seed oil has a unique nutritional and effectiveness: 1. Containing a variety of fatty acids, mainly B-Sitostesin and linoleic acid, and so on, can effectively To deal with the human body fat, cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis, diabetes, have a good effect.
one can not be sugar diabetes?
This is, relatively speaking, can not sugar diabetes is the daily diet can not eat sugar and glucose, fructose is in fact able to eat, fructose decomposition of insulin do not need the participation of the major components of honey is fructose, honey to eat for diabetes Or some help.
Diabetes Disease
1, What is diabetic retinopathy?
Long-term blood sugar in diabetic patients due to increased metabolism in the body, causing systemic microcirculation. Fundus retinal blood vessels easily damaged, that is, the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy, DR). Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, diabetes is caused by one of the main reasons the blind.
Epidemiological surveys show that about 75% of great importance to the control of blood sugar in diabetic patients, the disease occurred in 15 years diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic patients, diabetic retinopathy occurs, up to 50%.
Diabetes caused damage to the body of the pathology because of high blood sugar damages blood vessels of the small, it makes the retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes damaged, resulting in the loss of normal capillary barrier function, leakage, caused by peripheral edema, Hemorrhage, followed by capillary occlusion of the retina caused by ischemia, a lack of blood supply and nutrition, leading to necrosis and angiogenesis growth factor and the release of the result generated new blood vessels, which will cause a large number of retinal hemorrhage with a large number of vitreous hemorrhage, resulting in Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Older, the longer the course, the higher the incidence of eye. Young people than older patients with greater danger, often bad prognosis. If diabetes can be controlled in time, only a small chance of having an accident at the same time have less damage to the retina, or retinopathy gradually increased bleeding occurred repeatedly, leading to the proliferation of retinal changes, and even retinal detachment, or complicated cataract.
What are diabetic retinopathy performance?
Diabetic retinopathy is caused due to diabetes, with the exception of symptoms in order to drink more, more food, more urine and urine sugar, characterized by elevated blood sugar, and bright red eyes appeared retinal capillary hemangioma, flame-like bleeding, there is gray in the late Exudative, bright red neovascularization, prone to red vitreous hemorrhage as the main features of the fundus change.
Early eye disease does not affect the macular, vision will not be affected, patients with no symptoms, patients sometimes feel vision loss, or have the immediate shadow flying or fluttering. If the development of the disease 3-5 years or poor control of blood sugar, can cause varying degrees of retinal hemorrhage, effusion, edema, blood vessel tumor. Such as macular eye involvement can occur decreased vision, dark eyes, dark vision centers, vision centers and symptoms such as deformation of material. If repeated retinal bleeding into the vitreous, the patient has consciously before fluttering shadow. When the blood vessels, or angiogenesis massive bleeding into the vitreous cavity, will seriously affect vision and even blindness.
Retinopathy urine disease prevention and control should be?
• to control blood sugar in normal or near normal levels, at the same time to control blood pressure 140/90 mmHg in the normal range.
• proper diet, to strengthen the campaign to control blood sugar.
• Early vision screening and eye, early treatment, keep your vision to improve the quality of life.
2, What is diabetic kidney disease?
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common chronic complications of diabetes, diabetes is one of the leading causes of death. Early DN are 30-80% of the patients for the clinical development of Phase DN, this time accompanied by glomerular filtration rate is reduced and eventually into end-stage renal disease, glomerular for patients with type 1 diabetes the leading cause of death, 2 Type 2 diabetes patients with serious coronary artery and cerebrovascular second only to atherosclerosis.
The main treatment:
1, diabetes education.
2, the control diet.
3, Sports.
4, medication.
5, islet transplantation.
Chinese and Western medicine for the treatment of diabetes difference?
Western medicine down the main blood sugar, complications of chronic diabetes treatment is largely ineffective. Western medicine but also in the human body with a lot of side effects of the strong chemical composition, the long-term use of western medicine on the human body, liver, kidney and a serious injury.
Hypoglycemic and taking Western medicine, the use of insulin in diabetic patients can reduce the damage the body's liver and kidneys, tissues, but not everyone is able to use insulin diabetes, diabetes and some people can not use insulin, in particular the high blood insulin The disease can not be used in patients with diabetes. In addition, improper use of insulin, if prone to low blood sugar, insulin must be in accordance with determination in order to function in the proper use of insulin, diabetes and some patients with insulin antibodies, this time with no apparent effects of insulin therapy, so we should pay attention to the insulin antibody Diabetic patients with insulin resistance on the Elimination of treatment, so that the use of insulin in order to achieve a smooth hypoglycemic. More importantly, the use of Western medicine like insulin and took only hypoglycemic effect, not the efficacy of treatment, no significant complications of diabetes treatment.
At present, there are a lot of traditional Chinese medicine in Western medicine hypoglycemic added products, such products even more harm patients, many patients feel after taking some medicine products, the rapid drop in blood sugar under control, we believe that this is a traditional Chinese medicine treatment Good diabetes drug, which they did not know there must be western medicine (hypoglycemic) components, as a result of which Western medicine (hypoglycemic) component dose is unknown, patients often take a double dose, so that not only organs of the organ more dangerous, and Easily lead to low blood sugar, taking a long-term damage in human organs and to accelerate the occurrence of complications of diabetes, development, and more importantly, delayed treatment of diabetic patients with the best time, a delay of the disease, for patients with physical and psychological suffering even greater .
The real traditional Chinese medicine products and has no direct role in the rapid hypoglycemic, but the adjustment organs, slow hypoglycemic effect is Bianzheng a major role in diagnosis and treatment, which is symptomatic treatment, with the addition and subtraction disease, has played the role of the practice, use of Chinese medicine treatment of diabetes can be reached from the conditioning of internal organs to human organs and patients to improve their own immunity. To restore the body's internal organs function, blood sugar naturally fell, while the body of the constitution will have different degrees of improvement and improved so as to fundamentally treatment (not cure) of diabetes patients back to health.
Long-term blood sugar in diabetic patients due to increased metabolism in the body, causing systemic microcirculation. Fundus retinal blood vessels easily damaged, that is, the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (diabetic retinopathy, DR). Diabetic retinopathy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, diabetes is caused by one of the main reasons the blind.
Epidemiological surveys show that about 75% of great importance to the control of blood sugar in diabetic patients, the disease occurred in 15 years diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic patients, diabetic retinopathy occurs, up to 50%.
Diabetes caused damage to the body of the pathology because of high blood sugar damages blood vessels of the small, it makes the retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes damaged, resulting in the loss of normal capillary barrier function, leakage, caused by peripheral edema, Hemorrhage, followed by capillary occlusion of the retina caused by ischemia, a lack of blood supply and nutrition, leading to necrosis and angiogenesis growth factor and the release of the result generated new blood vessels, which will cause a large number of retinal hemorrhage with a large number of vitreous hemorrhage, resulting in Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Older, the longer the course, the higher the incidence of eye. Young people than older patients with greater danger, often bad prognosis. If diabetes can be controlled in time, only a small chance of having an accident at the same time have less damage to the retina, or retinopathy gradually increased bleeding occurred repeatedly, leading to the proliferation of retinal changes, and even retinal detachment, or complicated cataract.
What are diabetic retinopathy performance?
Diabetic retinopathy is caused due to diabetes, with the exception of symptoms in order to drink more, more food, more urine and urine sugar, characterized by elevated blood sugar, and bright red eyes appeared retinal capillary hemangioma, flame-like bleeding, there is gray in the late Exudative, bright red neovascularization, prone to red vitreous hemorrhage as the main features of the fundus change.
Early eye disease does not affect the macular, vision will not be affected, patients with no symptoms, patients sometimes feel vision loss, or have the immediate shadow flying or fluttering. If the development of the disease 3-5 years or poor control of blood sugar, can cause varying degrees of retinal hemorrhage, effusion, edema, blood vessel tumor. Such as macular eye involvement can occur decreased vision, dark eyes, dark vision centers, vision centers and symptoms such as deformation of material. If repeated retinal bleeding into the vitreous, the patient has consciously before fluttering shadow. When the blood vessels, or angiogenesis massive bleeding into the vitreous cavity, will seriously affect vision and even blindness.
Retinopathy urine disease prevention and control should be?
• to control blood sugar in normal or near normal levels, at the same time to control blood pressure 140/90 mmHg in the normal range.
• proper diet, to strengthen the campaign to control blood sugar.
• Early vision screening and eye, early treatment, keep your vision to improve the quality of life.
2, What is diabetic kidney disease?
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common chronic complications of diabetes, diabetes is one of the leading causes of death. Early DN are 30-80% of the patients for the clinical development of Phase DN, this time accompanied by glomerular filtration rate is reduced and eventually into end-stage renal disease, glomerular for patients with type 1 diabetes the leading cause of death, 2 Type 2 diabetes patients with serious coronary artery and cerebrovascular second only to atherosclerosis.
The main treatment:
1, diabetes education.
2, the control diet.
3, Sports.
4, medication.
5, islet transplantation.
Chinese and Western medicine for the treatment of diabetes difference?
Western medicine down the main blood sugar, complications of chronic diabetes treatment is largely ineffective. Western medicine but also in the human body with a lot of side effects of the strong chemical composition, the long-term use of western medicine on the human body, liver, kidney and a serious injury.
Hypoglycemic and taking Western medicine, the use of insulin in diabetic patients can reduce the damage the body's liver and kidneys, tissues, but not everyone is able to use insulin diabetes, diabetes and some people can not use insulin, in particular the high blood insulin The disease can not be used in patients with diabetes. In addition, improper use of insulin, if prone to low blood sugar, insulin must be in accordance with determination in order to function in the proper use of insulin, diabetes and some patients with insulin antibodies, this time with no apparent effects of insulin therapy, so we should pay attention to the insulin antibody Diabetic patients with insulin resistance on the Elimination of treatment, so that the use of insulin in order to achieve a smooth hypoglycemic. More importantly, the use of Western medicine like insulin and took only hypoglycemic effect, not the efficacy of treatment, no significant complications of diabetes treatment.
At present, there are a lot of traditional Chinese medicine in Western medicine hypoglycemic added products, such products even more harm patients, many patients feel after taking some medicine products, the rapid drop in blood sugar under control, we believe that this is a traditional Chinese medicine treatment Good diabetes drug, which they did not know there must be western medicine (hypoglycemic) components, as a result of which Western medicine (hypoglycemic) component dose is unknown, patients often take a double dose, so that not only organs of the organ more dangerous, and Easily lead to low blood sugar, taking a long-term damage in human organs and to accelerate the occurrence of complications of diabetes, development, and more importantly, delayed treatment of diabetic patients with the best time, a delay of the disease, for patients with physical and psychological suffering even greater .
The real traditional Chinese medicine products and has no direct role in the rapid hypoglycemic, but the adjustment organs, slow hypoglycemic effect is Bianzheng a major role in diagnosis and treatment, which is symptomatic treatment, with the addition and subtraction disease, has played the role of the practice, use of Chinese medicine treatment of diabetes can be reached from the conditioning of internal organs to human organs and patients to improve their own immunity. To restore the body's internal organs function, blood sugar naturally fell, while the body of the constitution will have different degrees of improvement and improved so as to fundamentally treatment (not cure) of diabetes patients back to health.
Causes of diabetes
1, with type 1 diabetes-related factors include the following:
Own immune system deficiencies: in patients with type 1 diabetes can be found in the blood of a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD antibodies), ICA (ICA antibody). These abnormal antibodies can damage the body's own insulin secretion of insulin B cells, so that it can not be normal insulin secretion.
Genetic factors: the current study was prompted genetic defects of the incidence of type 1 diabetes on the basis that such genetic defects in the performance of the people on the sixth chromosome abnormalities on HLA antigen. The study prompted scientists: I have type 2 diabetes onset familial characteristics - If you are parents with diabetes, people with no family history, you better have that.
Infection may be contributory factors: you may be surprised, many scientists suspect that the virus can also cause type I diabetes. This is because the type I diabetic patients before the onset of a period of time too often infected with the virus, and type I diabetes "epidemic", often appear in the virus after the pandemic. Viruses, such as those caused by mumps and rubella virus can cause polio, as well as the Coxsackie virus family, I can play a role in type 2 diabetes.
Other factors: such as milk, oxygen free radicals, some of the anti-rat, and other drugs, which can cause diabetes, scientists are studying.
2, with type 2 diabetes-related factors
Genetic factors: type 1 diabetes and similar to type 2 diabetes are also characteristics of familial disease. It is very likely that genes and genetic-related. Such genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes than type 1 diabetes is more obvious. For example: a twin suffering from type 1 diabetes, and the other 40% of the risk of the disease; but if it is Type 2 diabetes, while another 70% of the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Obesity: Type 2 diabetes may be an important factor in obesity. Can cause genetic causes of obesity, the same can also be caused by type 2 diabetes. Center for patients with body-fat excess fat on the abdomen, and fat than those on the buttocks and thighs are more prone to type 2 diabetes.
Age: Age is also a type 2 diabetes risk factors. Half of the patients with type 2 diabetes in more than 55 years after onset. Elderly patients are prone to diabetes and older people vulnerable to overloading.
Modern way of life: eating high-calorie food and reduce the amount of exercise can also cause diabetes, some people believe that this is caused due to obesity. Obesity and type 2 diabetes, like those in the diet and activity have been used to "Westernization" of Asian and Latin American businessmen in the United States and more popular.
3, diabetes and pregnancy-related factors
Hormone: pregnancy when the placenta will have a variety of fetal development for the growth hormone, the hormones for the healthy growth of the fetus is very important, but it can block the mother's insulin in the body and therefore lead to diabetes. The 24th week of pregnancy, 28 of these hormone cycle is a peak period of pregnancy diabetes is often made of the time.
Genetic basis: the occurrence of gestational diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes in the future risk of a large (but has nothing to do with type 1 diabetes). This is why some people believe that pregnancy caused by diabetes genes with type 2 diabetes caused by the gene may be related to each other.
Obesity: Obesity is not only easily lead to Type 2 diabetes, also can cause gestational diabetes.
Against diabetes
There is no cure diabetes, the main hazard is its complications, particularly chronic complications.
Acute complications
Diabetic patients with infection: a high incidence of the two reinforce each other, we must Virtue. Common infections, including tuberculosis and respiratory infections, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome: occur in middle-aged and old, half of the non-diabetic history, clinical manifestations, including severe dehydration, sometimes as a result of paralysis, coma, and other clinical manifestations have been misdiagnosed as cerebral vascular accident, the mortality rate as high as 50%.
Lactic acidosis: Patients with more heart, liver, kidney disease history, or shock, infection, lack of oxygen, drinking, taking a large number of hypoglycemic Ling history of non-specific symptoms, a high mortality rate.
Chronic complications
Large blood vessel complications:
(1) and cerebrovascular: prevalence rate than non-diabetic 3 times higher, diabetes is the main cause of premature deaths or disability, plug-and cerebrovascular diseases more common;
(2) Cardiovascular: The rate of disease in patients with non-diabetic higher than 3 times, is the main reason for premature deaths, in patients with diabetes, coronary heart disease more often in order. Clinical features include a high incidence of coronary heart disease and early onset, diabetes female cardiovascular disease incidence increased more evident, painless myocardial infarction, and other clinical manifestations of atypical found, and so on;
(3) lower limb blood vessels: The prevalence rate than non-diabetic 5 times higher, diabetes and lower extremity amputations are caused by vascular disease than non-diabetic patients with more than 10 times, is caused by diabetic patients with physical disability of the main reasons.
Microvascular complications:
(1) kidney: prevalence rate than non-diabetic uremia 17 times higher, diabetes, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes Ⅰ premature deaths, the main reason. Patients may have proteinuria, high blood pressure, swelling, such as performance, advanced renal failure occurred;
(2) eyes: blind than non-diabetic 25 times higher, diabetes is one of the major reasons disablement.
Neurological complications:
(1) sensory nerve: pain, numbness, hypersensitivity;
(2) motor: seen neural paralysis caused by a single motor, can be partial muscle atrophy;
(3) autonomic: unusual sweating, blood pressure and heart rate, urine retention or incontinence, impotence and diarrhea or constipation, and so on.
Epidemiological studies show that
Patients with type 1 diabetes in the first 2 years occurred in diabetic retinopathy accounted for 2%, more than 15 years the incidence of diabetic retinopathy as much as 98%
Patients with type 2 diabetes for 20 years, the use of insulin or use insulin patients with diabetic retinopathy rates were 60% and 84%
Early retinopathy may occur as bleeding, edema, microvascular tumor, such as leaking the background of change, then the late emergence of new blood vessels proliferative lesions, a view that this disease is often irreversible, leading to diabetes is a major cause of blindness. Although good blood glucose control can delay and reduce the development of diabetic retinopathy, but could not prevent the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetes and genetic
Genetic diabetes will it?
Diabetes and genetic factors, if the parents are diabetic patients, children born with diabetes significantly increased the chance. Use of blood glucose test blood sugar value is credible. Blood glucose meter and blood glucose test measured blood glucose values gap is relatively small. With regard to the issue of whether the medication, you can start eating and control about an hour after meals to carry out appropriate amount of physical activity, sport, in order to heat the body to sweat, and adhere to a month. Attention to the monitoring of blood sugar, such as fasting blood glucose in the 7mmol / L over, we need to increase the service hypoglycemic medication.
After decades of research, agreed that diabetes is more than a cause of the syndrome. Because the relatives of diabetes patients in the incidence of diabetes than non-diabetics in the family, so that a genetic tendency to diabetes. Britain Pyke single observation twins diabetes for 20 years, in 1982, he summed up the 200 pairs of monozygotic twins diabetes analysis of the survey. One single-diabetic twins consistency (that is, in two different times after birth, are suffering from diabetes), non-insulin-dependent diabetes for 90.6%, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for 54.4 percent, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genetic tendency Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus than the more remarkable. Genetic tendency to diabetes, and both parents are diabetic, his son is not the generation of 100% are suffering from diabetes, only 5% have diabetes, if only one parent has diabetes, diabetes-generation opportunity to fewer, and often inter-generational Genetic. Research shows that diabetes is not a single genetic inheritance, but more mutations. And diabetes is not a genetic disease, but susceptibility to diabetes, there must be some environmental factors to the occurrence of diabetes.
Own immune system deficiencies: in patients with type 1 diabetes can be found in the blood of a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD antibodies), ICA (ICA antibody). These abnormal antibodies can damage the body's own insulin secretion of insulin B cells, so that it can not be normal insulin secretion.
Genetic factors: the current study was prompted genetic defects of the incidence of type 1 diabetes on the basis that such genetic defects in the performance of the people on the sixth chromosome abnormalities on HLA antigen. The study prompted scientists: I have type 2 diabetes onset familial characteristics - If you are parents with diabetes, people with no family history, you better have that.
Infection may be contributory factors: you may be surprised, many scientists suspect that the virus can also cause type I diabetes. This is because the type I diabetic patients before the onset of a period of time too often infected with the virus, and type I diabetes "epidemic", often appear in the virus after the pandemic. Viruses, such as those caused by mumps and rubella virus can cause polio, as well as the Coxsackie virus family, I can play a role in type 2 diabetes.
Other factors: such as milk, oxygen free radicals, some of the anti-rat, and other drugs, which can cause diabetes, scientists are studying.
2, with type 2 diabetes-related factors
Genetic factors: type 1 diabetes and similar to type 2 diabetes are also characteristics of familial disease. It is very likely that genes and genetic-related. Such genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes than type 1 diabetes is more obvious. For example: a twin suffering from type 1 diabetes, and the other 40% of the risk of the disease; but if it is Type 2 diabetes, while another 70% of the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Obesity: Type 2 diabetes may be an important factor in obesity. Can cause genetic causes of obesity, the same can also be caused by type 2 diabetes. Center for patients with body-fat excess fat on the abdomen, and fat than those on the buttocks and thighs are more prone to type 2 diabetes.
Age: Age is also a type 2 diabetes risk factors. Half of the patients with type 2 diabetes in more than 55 years after onset. Elderly patients are prone to diabetes and older people vulnerable to overloading.
Modern way of life: eating high-calorie food and reduce the amount of exercise can also cause diabetes, some people believe that this is caused due to obesity. Obesity and type 2 diabetes, like those in the diet and activity have been used to "Westernization" of Asian and Latin American businessmen in the United States and more popular.
3, diabetes and pregnancy-related factors
Hormone: pregnancy when the placenta will have a variety of fetal development for the growth hormone, the hormones for the healthy growth of the fetus is very important, but it can block the mother's insulin in the body and therefore lead to diabetes. The 24th week of pregnancy, 28 of these hormone cycle is a peak period of pregnancy diabetes is often made of the time.
Genetic basis: the occurrence of gestational diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes in the future risk of a large (but has nothing to do with type 1 diabetes). This is why some people believe that pregnancy caused by diabetes genes with type 2 diabetes caused by the gene may be related to each other.
Obesity: Obesity is not only easily lead to Type 2 diabetes, also can cause gestational diabetes.
Against diabetes
There is no cure diabetes, the main hazard is its complications, particularly chronic complications.
Acute complications
Diabetic patients with infection: a high incidence of the two reinforce each other, we must Virtue. Common infections, including tuberculosis and respiratory infections, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome: occur in middle-aged and old, half of the non-diabetic history, clinical manifestations, including severe dehydration, sometimes as a result of paralysis, coma, and other clinical manifestations have been misdiagnosed as cerebral vascular accident, the mortality rate as high as 50%.
Lactic acidosis: Patients with more heart, liver, kidney disease history, or shock, infection, lack of oxygen, drinking, taking a large number of hypoglycemic Ling history of non-specific symptoms, a high mortality rate.
Chronic complications
Large blood vessel complications:
(1) and cerebrovascular: prevalence rate than non-diabetic 3 times higher, diabetes is the main cause of premature deaths or disability, plug-and cerebrovascular diseases more common;
(2) Cardiovascular: The rate of disease in patients with non-diabetic higher than 3 times, is the main reason for premature deaths, in patients with diabetes, coronary heart disease more often in order. Clinical features include a high incidence of coronary heart disease and early onset, diabetes female cardiovascular disease incidence increased more evident, painless myocardial infarction, and other clinical manifestations of atypical found, and so on;
(3) lower limb blood vessels: The prevalence rate than non-diabetic 5 times higher, diabetes and lower extremity amputations are caused by vascular disease than non-diabetic patients with more than 10 times, is caused by diabetic patients with physical disability of the main reasons.
Microvascular complications:
(1) kidney: prevalence rate than non-diabetic uremia 17 times higher, diabetes, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes Ⅰ premature deaths, the main reason. Patients may have proteinuria, high blood pressure, swelling, such as performance, advanced renal failure occurred;
(2) eyes: blind than non-diabetic 25 times higher, diabetes is one of the major reasons disablement.
Neurological complications:
(1) sensory nerve: pain, numbness, hypersensitivity;
(2) motor: seen neural paralysis caused by a single motor, can be partial muscle atrophy;
(3) autonomic: unusual sweating, blood pressure and heart rate, urine retention or incontinence, impotence and diarrhea or constipation, and so on.
Epidemiological studies show that
Patients with type 1 diabetes in the first 2 years occurred in diabetic retinopathy accounted for 2%, more than 15 years the incidence of diabetic retinopathy as much as 98%
Patients with type 2 diabetes for 20 years, the use of insulin or use insulin patients with diabetic retinopathy rates were 60% and 84%
Early retinopathy may occur as bleeding, edema, microvascular tumor, such as leaking the background of change, then the late emergence of new blood vessels proliferative lesions, a view that this disease is often irreversible, leading to diabetes is a major cause of blindness. Although good blood glucose control can delay and reduce the development of diabetic retinopathy, but could not prevent the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetes and genetic
Genetic diabetes will it?
Diabetes and genetic factors, if the parents are diabetic patients, children born with diabetes significantly increased the chance. Use of blood glucose test blood sugar value is credible. Blood glucose meter and blood glucose test measured blood glucose values gap is relatively small. With regard to the issue of whether the medication, you can start eating and control about an hour after meals to carry out appropriate amount of physical activity, sport, in order to heat the body to sweat, and adhere to a month. Attention to the monitoring of blood sugar, such as fasting blood glucose in the 7mmol / L over, we need to increase the service hypoglycemic medication.
After decades of research, agreed that diabetes is more than a cause of the syndrome. Because the relatives of diabetes patients in the incidence of diabetes than non-diabetics in the family, so that a genetic tendency to diabetes. Britain Pyke single observation twins diabetes for 20 years, in 1982, he summed up the 200 pairs of monozygotic twins diabetes analysis of the survey. One single-diabetic twins consistency (that is, in two different times after birth, are suffering from diabetes), non-insulin-dependent diabetes for 90.6%, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for 54.4 percent, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus genetic tendency Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus than the more remarkable. Genetic tendency to diabetes, and both parents are diabetic, his son is not the generation of 100% are suffering from diabetes, only 5% have diabetes, if only one parent has diabetes, diabetes-generation opportunity to fewer, and often inter-generational Genetic. Research shows that diabetes is not a single genetic inheritance, but more mutations. And diabetes is not a genetic disease, but susceptibility to diabetes, there must be some environmental factors to the occurrence of diabetes.
psychological treatment for diabetes
Diabetic Treatment: Psychotherapy
Many people think that diabetes treatment is diet, exercise, and medication. In fact, psychological treatment for diabetes control is very important. Optimistic about the emotional stability to maintain the stability of the internal environment of patients, and anxiety give rise to feelings of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucagon secretion, which antagonist of insulin, causing blood sugar up High, so that aggravate their condition. In the right state of mind and attitude of the disease should be correct under the guidance of a doctor, the initiative to play, learn prevention and treatment of diabetes knowledge, through the urine sugar and blood sugar monitoring, and explore the impact of favorable conditions and unfavorable factors, the characteristics of their own condition, Have strong confidence and perseverance, rather than the treatment of serious tension, persistent for a reasonable diet, physical activity, not do any work. The proper use of the drug to make weight, blood sugar, urine sugar, blood sugar, blood lipid at a reasonable level. Infection, surgery, a major burden on the spirit of the time, it is necessary to correctly deal with in a timely manner. In short, through the psychological support, to achieve effective control and prevention and treatment of diabetes.
The second treatment of diabetes: diet treatment
Hunger breeds discontent, not necessarily exercise every day, but had to eat every day. The diet has a direct impact on diabetes, the diet is very important for the treatment of diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine: Diabetes more alcohol as a result of Hou Wei, spleen and stomach injuries, transport of dereliction of duty, Xiao-chun consumption, Zongyushangyin and replace them with hot fat-deficiency disease. "Huang Di Nei Jing" said: "This is also made by the plump, the person must be vegetarian and she has more fat, fat people are internal heat, Gan who is in full, so the gas to overflow on Diabetes." "Jing Yue Quan Shu" said: "Diabetes, for its Zhaoduan's disease, are cream of the beam Feigan change in labor satyric of injury, disease who are rich, the poor and those who have little." Pointed out that obesity, More affluent life of this disease, which is modern medicine's understanding of the causes of diabetes in line. As a result of high or low blood sugar and insulin secretion into the number and variety of food is closely related to diet and thus is the basis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, regardless of what type of diabetes, severity of illness or any complications, and what treatment should be For a long time and strict diet control.
In the early 50's before Chinese and foreign treatment are low carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein diet based. According to the Clinical Practice has proved that such a diet for diabetes patients are not beneficial to insulin function, diabetes and high fat diet will increase the patient's vascular disease, high-protein diet would be caused by diabetes increased the incidence of kidney disease. At present, medical experts are to promote high-carbohydrate, lower proportion of fat, protein intake of the control diet, to improve blood glucose tolerance have a good effect, the specific content of the diet are as follows:
First, quantitative diet from time to time
According to age, sex, occupation, weight [(length -100) × 0.9] estimated that the total daily calories. Men than women required daily calories to about 5%. The different age requirements are also differences in heat, per kilogram of body weight is generally required number of kilocalories of heat for young people> middle-aged> elderly>, the average high of 5% to 10% per kilogram of body weight / day. The different physical energy consumption per day is different. Light manual per kilogram of body weight daily calorie consumption 30 ~ 35kcal; moderate physical consumption per kilogram of body weight per day 35 ~ 40kcal heat; heavy manual per kg body weight per day to be more than 40kcal heat. In general, pregnant women, nursing mothers, malnutrition and wasting disease should be increased as appropriate, reduce it obese patients to maintain normal body weight of about 5%, the condition can often be satisfied with control.
Second, the reasonable adjustment of the ratio of the three major nutrients
Dietary sugar, fat and protein ratio of the three major nutrients, it is necessary and reasonable adjustment. Not only achieve the purpose of treating disease, but also to meet the body's physiological needs. At present, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) claim: Diabetes patients carbohydrate diet should be accounted for 55% of the total calories to 60%; protein intake of total daily calories should not exceed 15%. Per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.8 ~ 1.2g appropriate. The development phase of the young people and pregnant women, nursing mothers or special vocational and other complications of patients can be Zhuojia to about 1.5g; daily intake of total fat no more than 30% of total calories, per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.6 ~ 1g as well, such as obese patients, in particular, have high blood lipids or atherosclerosis, fat intake should be adjusted as the case may be.
Third, restaurants and the calculation of heat calculation
The supply of nutrients are the body's heat 3: protein, fat, carbohydrates. One gram of protein and carbohydrates for energy 4kcal (1kcal = 4.184kj), per gram of fat to heat 9kcal (37.74kj). Diabetes patients, according to its labor intensity will be needed per person per day, the total calories (kcal) in accordance with the 69% carbohydrate, 15% protein, fat accounted for 25% of the allocated in proportion to derive the various components of the energy supply, and then Per gram of fat thermogenesis 9kcal, carbohydrates and grams of protein per kilo thermogenesis 4 conversion of the supply of different nutritional needs of the patient's weight, three meals a day, or four meals. Three meals a day for the distribution of heat Breakfast 1 / 5, lunch and dinner each 2 / 5. Four heat distribution for the breakfast meal 1 / 7, all three of the remaining 2 / 7. For example: a middle weight 60kg manual, the normal size of adult diabetes patients, according to the daily per kilogram of body weight 40kcal heat calculation, the total calories a day for 2400kcal, according to the proportion of the allocation of more than 1440kcal calories from carbohydrates that is, 360kcal to the heat Since the protein, 600kcal from fat. These need to provide heat supply 360g carbohydrates, 90g protein, 66g fat.
We stress the importance of diet to control the heat methods, not asking people with diabetes every day must be mechanically to calculate, but should be in the hands of this method of calculation, from time to time, or a sharp change in body weight when a bit of arithmetic, work out The next phase of the program of diet, deprivation and sweet, greasy food, diet choice but to seek to have the principle of diversity.
Diabetic Treatment of three: the treatment of movement
Movement therapy is based on the function of patients and disease characteristics, the use of physical exercise to prevent disease and enhance the body resistance to help patients overcome the disease, an effective way to recover. Movement to the physical benefits will be listed in the following training on the specific law. In the treatment of diabetes, exercise therapy is an important component of, especially for elderly patients, obese patients is more important. Traditional Chinese Medicine have long recognized the movement of the diabetes patients the importance of the Sui Dynasty, "from the source of waiting," Tang Dynasty "Taiwan Miyao," Diabetes has been documented in sports therapy. Since then, both on family medical history.
To the mid-eighteenth century, a number of well-known medical experts from abroad have begun to advocate with diabetes should be appropriate to do physical activity, and physical activity, diet, insulin injections as a treatment of diabetes three magic weapons. Some diabetic patients with only light physical training and to adhere to the combination of diet that is used to achieve rehabilitation.
Many people think that diabetes treatment is diet, exercise, and medication. In fact, psychological treatment for diabetes control is very important. Optimistic about the emotional stability to maintain the stability of the internal environment of patients, and anxiety give rise to feelings of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucagon secretion, which antagonist of insulin, causing blood sugar up High, so that aggravate their condition. In the right state of mind and attitude of the disease should be correct under the guidance of a doctor, the initiative to play, learn prevention and treatment of diabetes knowledge, through the urine sugar and blood sugar monitoring, and explore the impact of favorable conditions and unfavorable factors, the characteristics of their own condition, Have strong confidence and perseverance, rather than the treatment of serious tension, persistent for a reasonable diet, physical activity, not do any work. The proper use of the drug to make weight, blood sugar, urine sugar, blood sugar, blood lipid at a reasonable level. Infection, surgery, a major burden on the spirit of the time, it is necessary to correctly deal with in a timely manner. In short, through the psychological support, to achieve effective control and prevention and treatment of diabetes.
The second treatment of diabetes: diet treatment
Hunger breeds discontent, not necessarily exercise every day, but had to eat every day. The diet has a direct impact on diabetes, the diet is very important for the treatment of diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine: Diabetes more alcohol as a result of Hou Wei, spleen and stomach injuries, transport of dereliction of duty, Xiao-chun consumption, Zongyushangyin and replace them with hot fat-deficiency disease. "Huang Di Nei Jing" said: "This is also made by the plump, the person must be vegetarian and she has more fat, fat people are internal heat, Gan who is in full, so the gas to overflow on Diabetes." "Jing Yue Quan Shu" said: "Diabetes, for its Zhaoduan's disease, are cream of the beam Feigan change in labor satyric of injury, disease who are rich, the poor and those who have little." Pointed out that obesity, More affluent life of this disease, which is modern medicine's understanding of the causes of diabetes in line. As a result of high or low blood sugar and insulin secretion into the number and variety of food is closely related to diet and thus is the basis for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, regardless of what type of diabetes, severity of illness or any complications, and what treatment should be For a long time and strict diet control.
In the early 50's before Chinese and foreign treatment are low carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein diet based. According to the Clinical Practice has proved that such a diet for diabetes patients are not beneficial to insulin function, diabetes and high fat diet will increase the patient's vascular disease, high-protein diet would be caused by diabetes increased the incidence of kidney disease. At present, medical experts are to promote high-carbohydrate, lower proportion of fat, protein intake of the control diet, to improve blood glucose tolerance have a good effect, the specific content of the diet are as follows:
First, quantitative diet from time to time
According to age, sex, occupation, weight [(length -100) × 0.9] estimated that the total daily calories. Men than women required daily calories to about 5%. The different age requirements are also differences in heat, per kilogram of body weight is generally required number of kilocalories of heat for young people> middle-aged> elderly>, the average high of 5% to 10% per kilogram of body weight / day. The different physical energy consumption per day is different. Light manual per kilogram of body weight daily calorie consumption 30 ~ 35kcal; moderate physical consumption per kilogram of body weight per day 35 ~ 40kcal heat; heavy manual per kg body weight per day to be more than 40kcal heat. In general, pregnant women, nursing mothers, malnutrition and wasting disease should be increased as appropriate, reduce it obese patients to maintain normal body weight of about 5%, the condition can often be satisfied with control.
Second, the reasonable adjustment of the ratio of the three major nutrients
Dietary sugar, fat and protein ratio of the three major nutrients, it is necessary and reasonable adjustment. Not only achieve the purpose of treating disease, but also to meet the body's physiological needs. At present, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) claim: Diabetes patients carbohydrate diet should be accounted for 55% of the total calories to 60%; protein intake of total daily calories should not exceed 15%. Per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.8 ~ 1.2g appropriate. The development phase of the young people and pregnant women, nursing mothers or special vocational and other complications of patients can be Zhuojia to about 1.5g; daily intake of total fat no more than 30% of total calories, per kilogram of body weight per day to 0.6 ~ 1g as well, such as obese patients, in particular, have high blood lipids or atherosclerosis, fat intake should be adjusted as the case may be.
Third, restaurants and the calculation of heat calculation
The supply of nutrients are the body's heat 3: protein, fat, carbohydrates. One gram of protein and carbohydrates for energy 4kcal (1kcal = 4.184kj), per gram of fat to heat 9kcal (37.74kj). Diabetes patients, according to its labor intensity will be needed per person per day, the total calories (kcal) in accordance with the 69% carbohydrate, 15% protein, fat accounted for 25% of the allocated in proportion to derive the various components of the energy supply, and then Per gram of fat thermogenesis 9kcal, carbohydrates and grams of protein per kilo thermogenesis 4 conversion of the supply of different nutritional needs of the patient's weight, three meals a day, or four meals. Three meals a day for the distribution of heat Breakfast 1 / 5, lunch and dinner each 2 / 5. Four heat distribution for the breakfast meal 1 / 7, all three of the remaining 2 / 7. For example: a middle weight 60kg manual, the normal size of adult diabetes patients, according to the daily per kilogram of body weight 40kcal heat calculation, the total calories a day for 2400kcal, according to the proportion of the allocation of more than 1440kcal calories from carbohydrates that is, 360kcal to the heat Since the protein, 600kcal from fat. These need to provide heat supply 360g carbohydrates, 90g protein, 66g fat.
We stress the importance of diet to control the heat methods, not asking people with diabetes every day must be mechanically to calculate, but should be in the hands of this method of calculation, from time to time, or a sharp change in body weight when a bit of arithmetic, work out The next phase of the program of diet, deprivation and sweet, greasy food, diet choice but to seek to have the principle of diversity.
Diabetic Treatment of three: the treatment of movement
Movement therapy is based on the function of patients and disease characteristics, the use of physical exercise to prevent disease and enhance the body resistance to help patients overcome the disease, an effective way to recover. Movement to the physical benefits will be listed in the following training on the specific law. In the treatment of diabetes, exercise therapy is an important component of, especially for elderly patients, obese patients is more important. Traditional Chinese Medicine have long recognized the movement of the diabetes patients the importance of the Sui Dynasty, "from the source of waiting," Tang Dynasty "Taiwan Miyao," Diabetes has been documented in sports therapy. Since then, both on family medical history.
To the mid-eighteenth century, a number of well-known medical experts from abroad have begun to advocate with diabetes should be appropriate to do physical activity, and physical activity, diet, insulin injections as a treatment of diabetes three magic weapons. Some diabetic patients with only light physical training and to adhere to the combination of diet that is used to achieve rehabilitation.
10.11.08
TCM diabetes
Chinese medicine to the disease pathogenesis discussed in some detail. That was mainly due to body-deficiency, weak five internal organs, as a result of complex non-food section, fresh off Feigan, emotional disorders, excessive For workers, which led to Shen Yin deficiency, heat Fei Wei; pathogenesis focus for the heat deficiency, And with this deficiency, the standard for heat; extension of disease in the course of time, Yang and Yin Sun, Yin and Yang are false; deficiency dry and hot, burning liquid waste Jin blood viscosity, blood by blood stagnation Shibuya; Yin Sun and Yang, Yang Hanning, can lead to blood in Shenyang.
1. Deficiency led to the body-body-deficiency reasons: ① congenitally deficient: "Part Lingshu five changes," said: "The five internal organs are weak, good disease elimination hate." Is the birth mother due to lack of support. ② acquired excessive wear and tear: If the drug against evil, Yin Chun wear and tear. ③ source of less than: Jin Yin, chemical and biological weapons, such as damage to the organs, not sex fluid, chemical and biological weapons, such as "Taiwan Miyao Diabetes door," said: "Diabetes, its original launch, this is due to kidney deficiency, Each is made from sweet urine. "④ organs imbalance between yin and yang relationship, and eventually caused too much Yin Sun, will Piansheng Yang, Yang Tai-sheng was addressed to" eliminate "such as" medical legal edema gate doors, "said:" Kidney Secretary Kai He, qi is open from Yang, Yang Tai-sheng whole family is not closed, water down compared with extinction. " Partial recuperating the Kidney-Yang Kang, and so Sheng Xiao Wei Re-good day.
2. Catering section is not, body fat over the long-term food ① Pamela Hou Wei, so that the delivery of the spleen injury, Ji Zhi stomach, hot and dry Yun, Jin Shang Yin consumption, but also the stomach so that the heat, add to consumer-good day . "Q-Bielun yin and yang," said: "Second-yang balance of that extinction." Second-yang refers to the stomach and hand-foot Yang-Ming Yang Ming large intestine. Refers to the stomach in the heat of Ji Zhi, Xiao Wei Re-while good day. Hot on the evil smoke in the lungs, so that the injury Feire Jin, polydipsia appear to drink more. Heat large knot is big knot constipation poor. ② Duotan as a result of fat people, Tanzu of heat, wear and tear can Yin Jin, Yin Jin, chemical and biological weapons but also less heat, heat will resume Shangyin. And so the vicious circle of Diabetes occurs.
3. Emotional disorders, depression Ganqi due to the long-term situation is not Shu-chi, Yu Zhi heat, dryness of Shangyin; or fury, leading to liver up to be missing; gas anesthesia machine, but also of dry heat, and Xiao Fei Wei Shuo Yin of Tianjin, Fei Wei led to the heat, and occurred more thirsty to drink, consumer-good day. Heat deficiency in the course of time, is bound to lead to Yin Deficiency. Diabetes patients are only deficiency heat, and see more drinking, more urine, good day. Time not only for a long time, Yang and Yin Sun and the emergence of micro-Yang Qi, sleepy body, such as fatigue, difficulty eating small, thin stool soft, dry mouth does not want to drink, the more nocturnal during the day and anti-small, thin veins can not, short tongue , Moss thin white or light yellow. This is due to the lung, stomach, kidney by the three-Qi Yin, yang and appear to be putting the yin and yang deficiency syndrome.
1. Deficiency led to the body-body-deficiency reasons: ① congenitally deficient: "Part Lingshu five changes," said: "The five internal organs are weak, good disease elimination hate." Is the birth mother due to lack of support. ② acquired excessive wear and tear: If the drug against evil, Yin Chun wear and tear. ③ source of less than: Jin Yin, chemical and biological weapons, such as damage to the organs, not sex fluid, chemical and biological weapons, such as "Taiwan Miyao Diabetes door," said: "Diabetes, its original launch, this is due to kidney deficiency, Each is made from sweet urine. "④ organs imbalance between yin and yang relationship, and eventually caused too much Yin Sun, will Piansheng Yang, Yang Tai-sheng was addressed to" eliminate "such as" medical legal edema gate doors, "said:" Kidney Secretary Kai He, qi is open from Yang, Yang Tai-sheng whole family is not closed, water down compared with extinction. " Partial recuperating the Kidney-Yang Kang, and so Sheng Xiao Wei Re-good day.
2. Catering section is not, body fat over the long-term food ① Pamela Hou Wei, so that the delivery of the spleen injury, Ji Zhi stomach, hot and dry Yun, Jin Shang Yin consumption, but also the stomach so that the heat, add to consumer-good day . "Q-Bielun yin and yang," said: "Second-yang balance of that extinction." Second-yang refers to the stomach and hand-foot Yang-Ming Yang Ming large intestine. Refers to the stomach in the heat of Ji Zhi, Xiao Wei Re-while good day. Hot on the evil smoke in the lungs, so that the injury Feire Jin, polydipsia appear to drink more. Heat large knot is big knot constipation poor. ② Duotan as a result of fat people, Tanzu of heat, wear and tear can Yin Jin, Yin Jin, chemical and biological weapons but also less heat, heat will resume Shangyin. And so the vicious circle of Diabetes occurs.
3. Emotional disorders, depression Ganqi due to the long-term situation is not Shu-chi, Yu Zhi heat, dryness of Shangyin; or fury, leading to liver up to be missing; gas anesthesia machine, but also of dry heat, and Xiao Fei Wei Shuo Yin of Tianjin, Fei Wei led to the heat, and occurred more thirsty to drink, consumer-good day. Heat deficiency in the course of time, is bound to lead to Yin Deficiency. Diabetes patients are only deficiency heat, and see more drinking, more urine, good day. Time not only for a long time, Yang and Yin Sun and the emergence of micro-Yang Qi, sleepy body, such as fatigue, difficulty eating small, thin stool soft, dry mouth does not want to drink, the more nocturnal during the day and anti-small, thin veins can not, short tongue , Moss thin white or light yellow. This is due to the lung, stomach, kidney by the three-Qi Yin, yang and appear to be putting the yin and yang deficiency syndrome.
Diabetes diagnostic criteria
Diabetes diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and blood sugar. The following is the diagnostic criteria in 1999 WHO, IDF announced to be in the same year the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Association recognition, and so on, and suggested the implementation of China.
The concentration of glucose units: mmol / l cava (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 6.1 ≥ 6.1 ≥ 7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 10.0 11.1 ≥ 11.1
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <6.1 <6.1 <7.0
2 hours after the serving of sugar ≥ 6.7 ≥ 7.8 ≥ 7.8
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 5.6 <6.1> 5.6 <6.1 ≥ 6.1 <7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service <6.7 <7.8 <7.8
The concentration of glucose units: mg / dl vein (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 110 ≥ 110> 126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 180 ≥ 200> 200
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <110 <110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 120 ≥ 140 ≥ 140
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 100 <110> 100 <110 ≥ 110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service <120 <140 <140
[Diagnosis that required a few]
(A) diagnosed with diabetes:
1, with typical symptoms of fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose ≥ 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l).
2, there is no typical symptoms, only fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l) should like to repeat that it still amounted to more than value, can be diagnosed with diabetes.
3, there is no typical symptoms, only fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l) glucose tolerance test 2 hours blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1mmol / l) can be diagnosed as Diabetes.
(B) can rule out the possibility of diabetes:
1, 2 hour glucose tolerance, such as 140-200 mg / dl (7.8-11.1 mmol / l), to reduce glucose tolerance; such as fasting blood glucose 110-126 mg / dl (6.1-7.0 mmol / l) for the fasting blood glucose Damage is not diagnosed with diabetes.
2, if the postprandial blood glucose <140mg/dl (7.8 mmol / l) and fasting blood glucose <100mg/dl (5.6mmol / l) can rule out diabetes.
[Notes]
1, a serious and obvious symptoms of high blood sugar, blood sugar level over and above the requirements of indicators can be confirmed.
2, in the acute infection, trauma, surgery or other stress situations, although clearly detected high blood sugar, can not be immediately diagnosed with diabetes.
3, who can not be silent in accordance with a diagnosis of blood sugar, must be more than another diagnostic criteria.
4, most of the children's symptoms of severe diabetes, high blood sugar, urine sugar, U-positive, do not need tolerance test a small number of symptoms were not serious, it would take fasting plasma glucose test or oral glucose tolerance test.
"The World Health Organization in 1985 to develop the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes"
In line with one of the following can be diagnosed with diabetes:
1, typical symptoms of diabetes, blood sugar is higher than any time 11.1mmol / L (200mg/dl).
2, Richard fasting blood glucose, two or more higher than 7.8mmol / L (140mg/dl).
3, fasting blood glucose less than 7.8mmol / L, suspected diabetes, do oral glucose tolerance test, sugar served more than 2 hours after glucose 11.1mmol / L. If there are no symptoms of diabetes, and another needed a blood sugar more than 11.1mmol / L. The above-mentioned value of intravenous plasma glucose concentrations of glucose.
"1997 American Diabetes Association's diagnostic criteria for diabetes"
1, there are symptoms of diabetes, blood glucose and arbitrary ≧ 11.1mmol / L.
2, fasting blood glucose ≧ 7.0mmol / L.
3, 2 hour glucose tolerance test ≧ 11.1mmol / L. OGTT still requested the World Health Organization.
Meet the above criteria, one of the patients in the other day to repeat the above checks, if still in line with one of the three criteria that were diagnosed with diabetes.
Other diagnosis
Glucose tolerance test served 2 hours after glucose ≧ 7.8mmol / L, but lower than 11.1 mmol / L for the diagnosis
Glucose tolerance. Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 6.1mmol / L, but lower than 7.0mmol / L for the diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose. Suspected of gestational diabetes, 100g use of oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis. 100g glucose tolerance test according to the results of the National Diabetes Data Group O'Sulivan validation of diagnostic criteria, the diagnostic criteria in Table 1.
Table 1 O'Sullivan diagnostic criteria (intravenous plasma)
Serving time on an empty stomach 100g sugar 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours
Blood glucose (mmol / l) 5.9 10.6 9.2 8.1
Blood sugar (mg / dl) 105 190 165 145
The establishment of the diagnosis of two or more blood sugar, meet or exceed the value of the value of the above
Gestational diabetes to take the World Health Organization in 1985 to develop the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes, is also feasible.
[Common abbreviation]
WHO - World Health Organization IDF - International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Institute of the Chinese Medical Association
OGTT-tolerance test IGT - damage tolerance IFG - fasting blood glucose damage
DM --- diabetes mmol/L-- mmol per liter mg/dl-- mg dl
The concentration of glucose units: mmol / l cava (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 6.1 ≥ 6.1 ≥ 7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 10.0 11.1 ≥ 11.1
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <6.1 <6.1 <7.0
2 hours after the serving of sugar ≥ 6.7 ≥ 7.8 ≥ 7.8
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 5.6 <6.1> 5.6 <6.1 ≥ 6.1 <7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service <6.7 <7.8 <7.8
The concentration of glucose units: mg / dl vein (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 110 ≥ 110> 126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 180 ≥ 200> 200
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <110 <110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 120 ≥ 140 ≥ 140
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 100 <110> 100 <110 ≥ 110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service <120 <140 <140
[Diagnosis that required a few]
(A) diagnosed with diabetes:
1, with typical symptoms of fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose ≥ 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l).
2, there is no typical symptoms, only fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l) should like to repeat that it still amounted to more than value, can be diagnosed with diabetes.
3, there is no typical symptoms, only fasting blood glucose 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol / l) or postprandial blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1 mmol / l) glucose tolerance test 2 hours blood glucose 200mg/dl (11.1mmol / l) can be diagnosed as Diabetes.
(B) can rule out the possibility of diabetes:
1, 2 hour glucose tolerance, such as 140-200 mg / dl (7.8-11.1 mmol / l), to reduce glucose tolerance; such as fasting blood glucose 110-126 mg / dl (6.1-7.0 mmol / l) for the fasting blood glucose Damage is not diagnosed with diabetes.
2, if the postprandial blood glucose <140mg/dl (7.8 mmol / l) and fasting blood glucose <100mg/dl (5.6mmol / l) can rule out diabetes.
[Notes]
1, a serious and obvious symptoms of high blood sugar, blood sugar level over and above the requirements of indicators can be confirmed.
2, in the acute infection, trauma, surgery or other stress situations, although clearly detected high blood sugar, can not be immediately diagnosed with diabetes.
3, who can not be silent in accordance with a diagnosis of blood sugar, must be more than another diagnostic criteria.
4, most of the children's symptoms of severe diabetes, high blood sugar, urine sugar, U-positive, do not need tolerance test a small number of symptoms were not serious, it would take fasting plasma glucose test or oral glucose tolerance test.
"The World Health Organization in 1985 to develop the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes"
In line with one of the following can be diagnosed with diabetes:
1, typical symptoms of diabetes, blood sugar is higher than any time 11.1mmol / L (200mg/dl).
2, Richard fasting blood glucose, two or more higher than 7.8mmol / L (140mg/dl).
3, fasting blood glucose less than 7.8mmol / L, suspected diabetes, do oral glucose tolerance test, sugar served more than 2 hours after glucose 11.1mmol / L. If there are no symptoms of diabetes, and another needed a blood sugar more than 11.1mmol / L. The above-mentioned value of intravenous plasma glucose concentrations of glucose.
"1997 American Diabetes Association's diagnostic criteria for diabetes"
1, there are symptoms of diabetes, blood glucose and arbitrary ≧ 11.1mmol / L.
2, fasting blood glucose ≧ 7.0mmol / L.
3, 2 hour glucose tolerance test ≧ 11.1mmol / L. OGTT still requested the World Health Organization.
Meet the above criteria, one of the patients in the other day to repeat the above checks, if still in line with one of the three criteria that were diagnosed with diabetes.
Other diagnosis
Glucose tolerance test served 2 hours after glucose ≧ 7.8mmol / L, but lower than 11.1 mmol / L for the diagnosis
Glucose tolerance. Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 6.1mmol / L, but lower than 7.0mmol / L for the diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose. Suspected of gestational diabetes, 100g use of oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosis. 100g glucose tolerance test according to the results of the National Diabetes Data Group O'Sulivan validation of diagnostic criteria, the diagnostic criteria in Table 1.
Table 1 O'Sullivan diagnostic criteria (intravenous plasma)
Serving time on an empty stomach 100g sugar 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours
Blood glucose (mmol / l) 5.9 10.6 9.2 8.1
Blood sugar (mg / dl) 105 190 165 145
The establishment of the diagnosis of two or more blood sugar, meet or exceed the value of the value of the above
Gestational diabetes to take the World Health Organization in 1985 to develop the criteria for diagnosis of diabetes, is also feasible.
[Common abbreviation]
WHO - World Health Organization IDF - International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Institute of the Chinese Medical Association
OGTT-tolerance test IGT - damage tolerance IFG - fasting blood glucose damage
DM --- diabetes mmol/L-- mmol per liter mg/dl-- mg dl
Classification of Diabetes
Diabetes type 1 diabetes points (type 1 diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes) and gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes). One type 1 diabetes occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, insulin and must rely on life-sustaining treatment. Type 2 diabetes was particularly prevalent in the 30-year-old in the future, the elderly, their insulin secretion did not even lower on the high side, is the main cause of the body to insulin insensitivity (that is, insulin resistance). Gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes) is derived from cells of insulin resistance, but their insulin resistance is due to women during pregnancy hormone secretion (hormone) caused by. Gestational diabetes usually self-healing after childbirth.
Insulin is the body's secretion of pancreatic β cells in the body of the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the surrounding tissue in the body's sensitivity to insulin, the organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations, such as muscle, fat on insulin to promote glucose uptake occurred in the role of the resistance.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
In patients with type 1 diabetes diagnosed within five years there are very few chronic complications occur, on the contrary,
In patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before chronic complications. According to statistics, 50% of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes has been in existence for one or more chronic complications, some patients are found suffering from complications due to diabetes.
As a result, the diabetes drug treatment should focus on the causes of its focus on improving insulin resistance, as well as pancreatic β cell function, we must be able to choose to improve insulin resistance may be used. Some drug is insulin sensitizer, so that the diabetic patients in a timely and effective treatment and fundamental in the prevention of chronic diabetic complications and development.
Insulin sensitizer can increase the body's own insulin sensitivity, to make their own insulin, "Resurrection" and give full play to the role, then this will make the blood sugar can be re-uptake by the body cells and use, so that blood sugar dropped to the long-term stability And comprehensive control of blood glucose The purpose of the human body can make for a long time to enjoy their own secretion of insulin.
tnbxc diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise for the treatment of the premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugar into the food, to reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high-fiber starch and food to eat Shaosiduocan. Movement of choice should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor, as far as possible to do full-body exercise, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis, the appropriate application of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion, in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar.
Insulin is the body's secretion of pancreatic β cells in the body of the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the surrounding tissue in the body's sensitivity to insulin, the organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations, such as muscle, fat on insulin to promote glucose uptake occurred in the role of the resistance.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
In patients with type 1 diabetes diagnosed within five years there are very few chronic complications occur, on the contrary,
In patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before chronic complications. According to statistics, 50% of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes has been in existence for one or more chronic complications, some patients are found suffering from complications due to diabetes.
As a result, the diabetes drug treatment should focus on the causes of its focus on improving insulin resistance, as well as pancreatic β cell function, we must be able to choose to improve insulin resistance may be used. Some drug is insulin sensitizer, so that the diabetic patients in a timely and effective treatment and fundamental in the prevention of chronic diabetic complications and development.
Insulin sensitizer can increase the body's own insulin sensitivity, to make their own insulin, "Resurrection" and give full play to the role, then this will make the blood sugar can be re-uptake by the body cells and use, so that blood sugar dropped to the long-term stability And comprehensive control of blood glucose The purpose of the human body can make for a long time to enjoy their own secretion of insulin.
tnbxc diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise for the treatment of the premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugar into the food, to reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high-fiber starch and food to eat Shaosiduocan. Movement of choice should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor, as far as possible to do full-body exercise, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis, the appropriate application of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion, in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar.
What is Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. With the improvement of living standards, the aging of the population, as well as an increase in the incidence of obesity, diabetes and the incidence was on the rise year by year. Diabetes in China, the incidence of 2%, according to statistics, China has been diagnosed with diabetes amounted to 40,000,000 and 1,000,000 at an annual rate of increase.
Diabetes is the interaction of genetic and environmental factors caused the diseases, clinical high blood sugar as the main indicator, the more common symptoms of drink, urine, as well as wasting food, and so on. The absence of effective diabetes treatment, the body can cause more damage to the system. Caused by an absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target cells to reduce the sensitivity to insulin, causing protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of the main signs of high blood sugar. Typical clinical cases may occur more urine, drink more, eat more, such as the performance of the thin, that is, "a little more than 3" symptoms.
Diabetes is the interaction of genetic and environmental factors caused the diseases, clinical high blood sugar as the main indicator, the more common symptoms of drink, urine, as well as wasting food, and so on. The absence of effective diabetes treatment, the body can cause more damage to the system. Caused by an absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target cells to reduce the sensitivity to insulin, causing protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of the main signs of high blood sugar. Typical clinical cases may occur more urine, drink more, eat more, such as the performance of the thin, that is, "a little more than 3" symptoms.
Diabetes origin of the name
Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a chronic blood glucose (the sugar) levels increased metabolic disease characterized by the group. The main feature of high blood sugar, diabetes, polyuria, polydipsia, food, weight loss, fatigue.
Diabetes is an ancient disease. 400 BC, China's first medical book, "Huang Di Nei Jing.-Q" and "Lingshu" on record "Diabetes evidence", "Diabetes patients," the name. Han Zhang famous "Golden" Diabetes Part of the "three" symptoms have been recorded. The early years of the Tang Dynasty, China's famous first words Doctors Zhen pointed out that the urine of patients with diabetes is sweet, in the summer and fall, the urine of patients with diabetes sometimes trick the flies.
The world's first confirmed and treatment of diabetes in China in the Tang Dynasty medical doctor, Wang Tao. Wang Tao according to his father suffer from severe thirst, increased amount of drinking, found Boils and more sore, urine fruit flavor, according to Zhen Yan "old article inspection" of his book: Diabetes patients Biansi small piece of sweet cake. He personally to try his father at an early age, is really sweet. Therefore, for the development of the Diabetes Treatment Program, supplemented by dietary adjustments, so that his father brought under control the disease. He has been written into the experience of these "Taiwan Miyao".
"Taiwan Miyao," than the 10th century Arab doctor Avicenna "medical Code" on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes as early as 200 years. 600 AD after the British doctor William Thomas referred to the patient's urine, "such as its taste like sugar honey." According to research, diabetes in the nobility of ancient emperors for the disease, occur in obesity, and among those who eat rich.
Diabetes is an ancient disease. 400 BC, China's first medical book, "Huang Di Nei Jing.-Q" and "Lingshu" on record "Diabetes evidence", "Diabetes patients," the name. Han Zhang famous "Golden" Diabetes Part of the "three" symptoms have been recorded. The early years of the Tang Dynasty, China's famous first words Doctors Zhen pointed out that the urine of patients with diabetes is sweet, in the summer and fall, the urine of patients with diabetes sometimes trick the flies.
The world's first confirmed and treatment of diabetes in China in the Tang Dynasty medical doctor, Wang Tao. Wang Tao according to his father suffer from severe thirst, increased amount of drinking, found Boils and more sore, urine fruit flavor, according to Zhen Yan "old article inspection" of his book: Diabetes patients Biansi small piece of sweet cake. He personally to try his father at an early age, is really sweet. Therefore, for the development of the Diabetes Treatment Program, supplemented by dietary adjustments, so that his father brought under control the disease. He has been written into the experience of these "Taiwan Miyao".
"Taiwan Miyao," than the 10th century Arab doctor Avicenna "medical Code" on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes as early as 200 years. 600 AD after the British doctor William Thomas referred to the patient's urine, "such as its taste like sugar honey." According to research, diabetes in the nobility of ancient emperors for the disease, occur in obesity, and among those who eat rich.
8.11.08
Diabetes is a chronic blood glucose levels increased metabolic disease characterized by the group
Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is a chronic blood glucose (the sugar) levels increased metabolic disease characterized by the group. The main feature of high blood sugar, diabetes, polyuria, polydipsia, food, weight loss, fatigue.
The absence of effective diabetes treatment, the body can cause more damage to the system. Caused by an absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target cells to reduce the sensitivity to insulin, causing protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of the main signs of high blood sugar. Typical clinical cases may occur more urine, drink more, eat more, such as the performance of the thin, that is, "a little more than 3" symptoms.
Diabetes type 1 diabetes points (type 1 diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes) and gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes). One type 1 diabetes occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, insulin and must rely on life-sustaining treatment. Type 2 diabetes was particularly prevalent in the 30-year-old in the future, the elderly, their insulin secretion did not even lower on the high side, is the main cause of the body to insulin insensitivity (that is, insulin resistance). Gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes) is derived from cells of insulin resistance, but their insulin resistance is due to women during pregnancy hormone secretion (hormone) caused by. Gestational diabetes usually self-healing after childbirth.
Insulin is the body's secretion of pancreatic β cells in the body of the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the surrounding tissue in the body's sensitivity to insulin, the organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations, such as muscle, fat on insulin to promote glucose uptake occurred in the role of the resistance.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
In patients with type 1 diabetes diagnosed within five years there are very few chronic complications occur, on the contrary,
In patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before chronic complications. According to statistics, 50% of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes has been in existence for one or more chronic complications, some patients are found suffering from complications due to diabetes.
As a result, the diabetes drug treatment should focus on the causes of its focus on improving insulin resistance, as well as pancreatic β cell function, we must be able to choose to improve insulin resistance may be used. Some drug is insulin sensitizer, so that the diabetic patients in a timely and effective treatment and fundamental in the prevention of chronic diabetic complications and development.
Insulin sensitizer can increase the body's own insulin sensitivity, to make their own insulin, "Resurrection" and give full play to the role, then this will make the blood sugar can be re-uptake by the body cells and use, so that blood sugar dropped to the long-term stability And comprehensive control of blood glucose The purpose of the human body can make for a long time to enjoy their own secretion of insulin.
tnbxc diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise for the treatment of the premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugar into the food, to reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high-fiber starch and food to eat Shaosiduocan. Movement of choice should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor, as far as possible to do full-body exercise, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis, the appropriate application of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion, in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar.
Diabetes diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and blood sugar. The following is the diagnostic criteria in 1999 WHO, IDF announced to be in the same year the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Association recognition, and so on, and suggested the implementation of China.
Diabetes diagnostic criteria:
The concentration of glucose units: mmol / l cava (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 6.1 ≥ 6.1 ≥ 7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 10.0 11.1 ≥ 11.1
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <6.1 <6.1 <7.0
2 hours after the serving of sugar ≥ 6.7 ≥ 7.8 ≥ 7.8
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 5.6 <6.1> 5.6 <6.1 ≥ 6.1 <7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service <6.7 <7.8 <7.8
The concentration of glucose units: mg / dl vein (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 110 ≥ 110> 126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 180 ≥ 200> 200
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <110 <110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 120 ≥ 140 ≥ 140
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 100 <110> 100 <110 ≥ 110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service <120 <140 <140
The absence of effective diabetes treatment, the body can cause more damage to the system. Caused by an absolute or relative insulin secretion as well as the lack of target cells to reduce the sensitivity to insulin, causing protein, fat, water and electrolytes such as a series of metabolic disorder syndrome, one of the main signs of high blood sugar. Typical clinical cases may occur more urine, drink more, eat more, such as the performance of the thin, that is, "a little more than 3" symptoms.
Diabetes type 1 diabetes points (type 1 diabetes) and type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes) and gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes). One type 1 diabetes occur in young people, their lack of insulin secretion, insulin and must rely on life-sustaining treatment. Type 2 diabetes was particularly prevalent in the 30-year-old in the future, the elderly, their insulin secretion did not even lower on the high side, is the main cause of the body to insulin insensitivity (that is, insulin resistance). Gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes) is derived from cells of insulin resistance, but their insulin resistance is due to women during pregnancy hormone secretion (hormone) caused by. Gestational diabetes usually self-healing after childbirth.
Insulin is the body's secretion of pancreatic β cells in the body of the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin resistance refers to the surrounding tissue in the body's sensitivity to insulin, the organization is not sensitive to insulin, peripheral organizations, such as muscle, fat on insulin to promote glucose uptake occurred in the role of the resistance.
The study found the prevalence of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, accounting for almost 90%, may be the incidence of type 2 diabetes one of the main factors.
In patients with type 1 diabetes diagnosed within five years there are very few chronic complications occur, on the contrary,
In patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before chronic complications. According to statistics, 50% of newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes has been in existence for one or more chronic complications, some patients are found suffering from complications due to diabetes.
As a result, the diabetes drug treatment should focus on the causes of its focus on improving insulin resistance, as well as pancreatic β cell function, we must be able to choose to improve insulin resistance may be used. Some drug is insulin sensitizer, so that the diabetic patients in a timely and effective treatment and fundamental in the prevention of chronic diabetic complications and development.
Insulin sensitizer can increase the body's own insulin sensitivity, to make their own insulin, "Resurrection" and give full play to the role, then this will make the blood sugar can be re-uptake by the body cells and use, so that blood sugar dropped to the long-term stability And comprehensive control of blood glucose The purpose of the human body can make for a long time to enjoy their own secretion of insulin.
tnbxc diabetes treatment must be based on diet control, exercise for the treatment of the premise. Diabetics should avoid sugar and sugar into the food, to reduce the consumption of high fat and high cholesterol food, moderate consumption of high-fiber starch and food to eat Shaosiduocan. Movement of choice should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor, as far as possible to do full-body exercise, including walking and jogging and so on. On this basis, the appropriate application of insulin sensitizer drugs, rather than excessive use of drugs to stimulate insulin secretion, in order to achieve long-term effective control of blood sugar.
Diabetes diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and blood sugar. The following is the diagnostic criteria in 1999 WHO, IDF announced to be in the same year the Chinese Medical Association Diabetes Association recognition, and so on, and suggested the implementation of China.
Diabetes diagnostic criteria:
The concentration of glucose units: mmol / l cava (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 6.1 ≥ 6.1 ≥ 7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 10.0 11.1 ≥ 11.1
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <6.1 <6.1 <7.0
2 hours after the serving of sugar ≥ 6.7 ≥ 7.8 ≥ 7.8
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 5.6 <6.1> 5.6 <6.1 ≥ 6.1 <7.0
Sugar 2 hours after the service <6.7 <7.8 <7.8
The concentration of glucose units: mg / dl vein (whole blood) capillary veins (plasma)
(Diabetes)
Fasting ≥ 110 ≥ 110> 126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 180 ≥ 200> 200
(Damage tolerance)
Fasting <110 <110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service ≥ 120 ≥ 140 ≥ 140
(Fasting blood glucose damage)
Fasting> 100 <110> 100 <110 ≥ 110 <126
Sugar 2 hours after the service <120 <140 <140
7.11.08
sweet-thoughts-on-diabetes-mellitus
ON DIABETES MELLITUSINTRODUCTIONThis fascinating illness afflicts over 170 million people, a number that is expected to double by the year 2030. It consumes over 5% of the NHS healthcare budget and its various afflictions lead to a vastly increased use of hospital beds. It affects over 12% of Middle Eastern and Asian peoples and is therefore worthy of our greatest attention.I have heard it being said that having diabetes is worse than having cancer or HIV, and although this may be said in just pure frustration, there may be an element of truth in that. It is a disease of glucose utilisation, and since all body cells require glucose, all of them are afflicted by it. This contrasts with cancer, usually a disease of a single organ, or HIV, a disease of the CD4 cells of the immune system. Aretaeus, a Cappadocian physician of the second century vividly characterized it as “being a melting-down of the flesh and limbs into urine” and coined the term diabetes, meaning ‘to run through’.Diabetes occurs when we have a lack of (type 1), or deficient action (type 2) of the hormone insulin, which is involved in many different biochemical processes, including protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Some types of diabetes are secondary to increased antagonism of insulin, such as thyrotoxicosis, Cushing’s syndrome and phaeochromocytoma, but most are primary, due to insulin-related problems.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESOne of the saddest things about diabetes is that it is more prevalent in the poor, and affects them in the worst manner with the most complications. A BBC report recently stated:“Britain's poorest communities are 2.5 times more likely to develop Type 2 diabetes than the general population, research suggests. They are also 3.5 times more likely to develop serious complications of diabetes, including heart disease.”Overall it is a common disorder, and is increasing in incidence. The table above shows the current prevalence of diabetes in many parts of the world, with over 10% of Hong Kong, Pakistanis and Czechs, and a ridiculously high prevalence among Egyptians and Cubans too. The following table illustrates how things will worsen within the next few decades:But by far, the highest prevalence of diabetes is in the Pima Indians, native American Indians who live in Arizona and Mexico – with a prevalence of 21%. The study of this population has taught us much about diabetes, most importantly, one of the biggest risk factors for type II diabetes – the sudden shift in diet from traditional agricultural goods towards processed foods. The more Westernised Arizona Pimans are those primarily affected, and the genetically similar Pimas in Mexico have virtually no type 2 diabetes. The rising incidence of diabetes around the world can be attributed to the rise of obesity, and the increasing inactivity (due to the comfortable lives we lead) and reliance on processed foods. The Arab world is increasingly afflicted by diabetes and its ills, which can be explained by the thrifty genotype hypothesis. As explained by Raz et al (2008):“This phenomenon of shifting disease patterns, termed epidemiological transition, initially occurred in developed countries and subsequently spread to developing nations. Arthur Koestler coined the term 'Coca- colonization' to describe the impact of the lifestyle of Western societies on developing countries. The devastating results of intrusion by Western society into the lives of traditional living indigenous communities can now be seen across the globe”.Having introduced syphilis and tuberculosis to the developing word in the 19th century, the West has introduced diabetes everywhere else. Does the answer for modern civilization still lie in the Western civilization, with so much mental and physical illness around? There is so much good in it no doubt, but anyone looking deeply into it, will find that all the basic ideas of any quality in the Western world are embodies, to an even greater extent.In addition, the great poverty that afflicts some leads to lack of education, and a further misunderstanding and poor treatment of the condition. Because it is a chronic condition, with poverty, appropriate drugs are not bought as they are too expensive, and traditional herbal remedies are used. For instance, in the Gaza Strip, where the annual income (for those lucky enough to work) is just under £350 a year, people are resorting to pomegranate seeds and chamomile for treatment, and the management of the condition is careless, with no monitoring facilities, a crucial aspect of its care. This sad truth illustrates the importance of justice, social equality and even distribution of wealth in medical care, things which can only be found in a fair society governed by wisdom and truth.There are many famous diabetics out there, what I would like to focus here on some of its more interesting victims, whose stories may teach us something about the condition.FAMOUS DIABETICSWith regards to aetiology, knowledge that former Egyptian president Jamal Abdel Nasser had diabetes, and possibly slipped into a diabetic coma before he died would help us recall two points – the high prevalence of the disease among Egyptians, and the existence of secondary cause of diabetes; his biographers insist that he had haemochromatosis, although his physician, Alsaway Habib recently published his memoirs and, “He denies that Nasser (1918-1970) had slipped into a diabetic coma before his death. Nor did Nasser suffer from bronzed diabetes as once published in the local press. "Nasser suffered from the ordinary type of adult diabetes," says Dr Habib.”One of the more recent victims is Halle Berry, the American award winning actress. Her story highlights one of the problems that celebrities can cause to the health awareness of people, and how misinformed they can be.Halle Berry is a type 1 diabetic – in other words dependent on insulin. She has made many fascinating comments on the condition, like "Diabetes turns out to be a gift. It gave me strength and toughness because I had to face reality, no matter how uncomfortable or painful it was", and interesting stories, like her diagnosis, when she “lay dangerously ill in a diabetic coma for a week before waking to a life that would never be the same again”. As a result of this, she became a spokesperson for Novo Nordisk, the pharmaceutical company specialising in diabetic products.But it is terrifying when such celebrities make comments on therapeutic aspects of a disease. On 6th of November 2007, the ABC News Channel reported Berry to have said, "I've managed to wean myself off insulin, so now I'd like to put myself in the Type 2 category". As everyone knows, this is nonsense, and what Berry is saying is suicidal. I very much doubt that Berry actually said that, because she remains with us to this day. But what her story highlights is that one should always take celebrities comments on the treatment of disease with a pinch of salt. Symptoms yes, management no. The damage that actors and actresses can cause by making statements such as these in our celebrity culture could be devastating. Another celebrity whose story I am tempted to discuss here is the Honorary Vice President of ‘Diabetes UK’, the great British oarsman and Olympic champion Sir Steve Redgrave, the only person ever to have won gold medals at five consecutive games. But I have opted to discuss his case in the section on ulcerative colitis, since that is a rarer disease, with fewer famous victims that I can think of. Talking of Diabetes UK, the creation of this excellent charity society which provides a lot of patient support and guidance as well as funding for scientific research and publications over the disease, was due to the efforts of two great men, both diabetic and both very influential.The story of Robert Daniel Lawrence, the ENT surgeon is so fascinating that his version is quoted in full in that excellent pharmacology book, ‘Clinical Pharmacology’, by Bennett and Brown (2005). I will do the same:“Many doctors, after they have developed a disease, take up the speciality in it... But that was not so with me. I was studying for surgery when diabetes took me up. The great book of Joslin said that by starving you might live four years with luck. [He went to Italy and, whilst his health was declining there, he received a letter from a biochemist friend which said] there was something called 'insulin' appearing with a good name in Canada, what about going there and getting it. I said 'No thank you; I've tried too many quackeries for diabetes; I'll wait and see'. Then I got peripheral neuritis ...So when [the friend] cabled me and said, 'I've got insulin — it works — come back quick', I responded, arrived at King's College Hospital,London, and went to the laboratory as soon as it opened ... It was all experimental for [neither of us] knew a thing about it... So we decided to have 20 units a nice round figure. I had a nice breakfast. I had bacon and eggs and toast made on the Bunsen. I hadn't eaten bread for months and months ... by 3 o'clock in the afternoon my urine was quite sugar free. That hadn't happened for many months. So we gave a cheer for Banting and Best.But at 4 pm I had a terrible shaky feeling and a terrible sweat and hunger pain. That was my first experience of hypoglycaemia. We remembered that Banting and Best had described an overdose of insulin in dogs. So I had some sugar and a biscuit and soon got quite well, thank you"The disease changed Lawrence’s life entirely, and he devoted all his time to research on the condition and the care of its patients. He set up a clinic which quickly became overcrowded, and this is where Herbert George Wells comes in. The great creator of science of fiction was also a diabetic and a patient of Lawrence. The details were summarised by Curnow (2002):“The number of people with diabetes attending the clinic doubled within four years, conditions were crowded and the equipment was inadequate. The hospital authorities supported Lawrence’s request to make a personal appeal to his more wealthy private patients to fund improvements to the facilities available to outpatients, and possibly build a small unit for in-patients. HG Wells, who had been referred to Lawrence in 1931, was one of the patients Lawrence approached. Wells donated half a crown, saying he was not a wealthy man and believed that the appeal should be of interest to all people with diabetes, and offered to write to The Times to involve a wider audience. The letter to ‘The Select Company of Diabetics – for the Benefit of Their Cult’ was published on 19th April 1933. He ended it saying, "I am a little surprised we have not already formed a Diabetic Association to watch over and extend this most benign branch of medicine to which we owe our lives" (Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2002;2:469–72).In 1934, the ‘Diabetic Association’ was founded, with RD Lawrence as the Chairman and HG Wells the President of the Association, with the nominated Vice Presidents including Professor FG Banting and Dr CH Best and two diabetic well-known novelists, GDH Cole and Hugh Walpole.I cannot help but digress and talk a little about H G Wells, who was one of the best writers of both fiction and non fiction of the 20th century. There are an abundant number of biographies of the great man, to which I would like to refer the kind reader, for he is a most interesting person. For the medical man, Wells is interesting for several reasons. Firstly, because of his diabetes, and his massive contribution to the creation of the ‘Diabetic Association’ (now Diabetes UK) together with Lawrence, as explained above. Indeed, the first time it was revealed to me that Wells was diabetic was while reading a very moving letter of his to the great Bertrand Russell, who incorporated it in his ‘Autobiography’, one of the most beautiful books I have ever read. An extract from the letter, written the year before his death in 1946, says a lot about the impact diabetes can have on one’s life:“I have been ill & I keep ill. I am President of the Diabetic Society and diabetes keeps one in and out, in and out of bed every two hours or so. This exhausts, and this vast return to chaos which is called the peace, the infinite meanness of great masses of my fellow creatures, the wickedness of organised religion give me a longing for a sleep that will have no awakening. There is a long history of heart failure on my paternal side but modern palliatives are very effective holding back that moment of release. Sodium bicarbonate keeps me in a grunting state of protesting endurance. But while I live I have to live and I owe a lot to the decaying civilisation which has anyhow kept alive enough of the spirit of scientific devotion to stimulate my curiosity and make me its debtor.” Secondly, because of his very interesting ideas regarding future health care. Wells was a great historian, and he illustrated this with his tour-de-force, ‘An Outline of History’, a 1324 page work that was the most popular book sold in America after its publication (after the Bible). Backed with this huge historical expertise, he gave some marvellous visions of how the future may turn out to be, and in one work, ‘An Englishman Looks At The World’, he envisages a system that seems to predate the GMC and NHS by many years:“In that extravagant world of which I dream, in which people will live in delightful cottages and ground rents will serve instead of rates, and everyone will have a chance of being happy--in that impossible world all doctors will be members of one great organisation for the public health, with all or most of their income guaranteed to them: I doubt if there will be any private doctors at all.Heaven forbid I should seem to write a word against doctors as they are. Daily I marvel at the wonders the general practitioner achieves, having regard to the difficulties of his position.But I cannot hide from myself, and I do not intend to hide from anyone else, my firm persuasion that the services the general practitioner is able to render us are not one-tenth so effectual as they might be if, instead of his being a private adventurer, he were a member of a sanely organised public machine. Consider what his training and equipment are, consider the peculiar difficulties of his work, and then consider for a moment what better conditions might be invented, and perhaps you will not think my estimate of one-tenth an excessive understatement in this matter.” How nice is it to see praise of the general practitioner, at a time when he or she is regarded, somewhat unfairly, as a second class physician!Moving on from Wells, who has taught us so much, we can move smoothly to another British genius, who shared much with Wells – his creativity and invention, disbelief in God, faith in eugenics (which is almost inextricably intertwined) and last but not least, his diabetes. It’s the great inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell.I will not deal here with the full biographical details of this great man, his numerous struggles and tragedies, his many success stories, and his great romanticism and his love and marriage to his deaf student Mabel Hubbard. But I will focus on what I regard as interesting from the medical point of view.Robert V. Bruce writes in his biography, ‘Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude’:“By 1915 Bell himself was in the grip of that incurable and (in pre-insulin days) perilous condition, diabetes. He had occasion for somber thought now in his sessions of nocturnal solitude. He could not have been deaf to the meaning of what was upon him. Diabetes had been the death of his uncle David 14 years before, but Bell's motto was 'keep on fighting'”.He was later diagnosed with pernicious anaemia, which is a recognized association with diabetes, although not with type 2 diabetes, which is what Bell likely had (no one with type 1 diabetes survives without insulin to the age of 75). And although it is stated in many places that Bell died of pernicious anaemia, including in the Wikipaedia article on him, I feel that is unlikely to be the case. Although it sounds paradoxical, diabetes, particularly when uncared for is a more pernicious than the pernicious disease! It is clear that Bell’s diabetes was uncared for, for obvious reasons. Firstly, he lived in the pre-insulin age – he was unlucky to have died in the same year Banting and Best discovered insulin, although it would be difficult to foresee if their treatment would have made any difference to him had he survived. For example, he developed neuropathy, as Charlotte Gray discloses in her biography of Bell, ‘Reluctant Genius’ (pages 418-419) – he was able to keep on wiggling “his toes, even though he had lost sensation in them. None of his family realized that the loss of sensation was an indication that he had pernicious anemia". (Although giving a clever possibility, it will never be known which one it is that led to his peripheral neuropathy). Neuropathy happens after years of damage, as we will soon see.There was an absence of the routine care we now have for diabetes (which has been formulated after many years of intensive research into its most appropriate management). Knowing the above, Bell would have surely benefited from seeing a chiropodist, something all diabetics of today are routinely familiar with. He would have also possibly benefited from a dietitian, but by sounds of things, he would have probably been, as are most diabetics, pretty non-compliant with their recipes. As Bruce illustrates in the aforementioned biography:“Always a hearty eater, Bell broke loose now and then from the coils of medical caution and, to the distress of his family, defied restrictions on starch and sugar. “Melville," he would say to his grandson as they walked by a redolent bakeshop on Wisconsin Avenue, "would you like some apple pie?" Bell himself would then join in the snack. "Don't you say a word to your grandmother," he would caution the boy. But when he toyed with his dinner, Mabel would notice. "Alec, you stopped in that bakeshop, I know." Ignoring the smoke screen of an exciting story, she would keep after him until he confessed like a small boy caught out. Charles Thompson kept an eye on the state of the refrigerator, but one night Bell made a raid, washed the china, and brushed up every crumb. Called to treat his acute indigestion, the doctor extracted the confession, "To go downstairs at three in the morning, load up on Smithfield ham, cold potatoes, macaroni cheese, and then go right to bed is the most ridiculous thing imaginable, " said the doctor severely; "that meal might have put an end to you, sir" "Well, as it is," said Bell, "the game was worth the candle. It was the best meal I've enjoyed in an age"!”In knowing that Alexander Graham Bell had type 2 diabetes we will immediately dispel the idea that type 2 diabetes is a twentieth century phenomenon. It is not, although it certainly has increased in prevalence since. Indeed, the two different types of diabetes were distinguished as early as 1875, by Apollinaire Bouchardat in his book on glycosuria (Kiple, 2003).In addition, the story of his doctor suspecting that “Bell’s diabetes had affected his liver” reveals a very clever insight into diabetes, which has only recently been recognized. Liver disease is now thought to be a not uncommon cause of problems in diabetics. Indeed, it is now felt that NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the commonest liver pathology seen in diabetics is now a not uncommon cause of progressive chronic liver injury overall (Evans et al, 2002).Quite smoothly, history moves us on to discuss one of Bell’s close associates, Thomas Edison, the great American inventor. If Bell invented the telephone, it was Edison who made improved on it greatly and made it the technological masterpiece that it is today. He devised a mouthpiece for it that contained carbon powder, which when compressed, carried more current than when not compressed. As the sound waves compressed and decompressed it, the electric current fluctuated accordingly.Edison died of complications of diabetes aged 84, namely renal failure. In ‘Edison - Inventing the Century’, Neil Baldwin describes the experience of his physician:“Dr. Howe had a challenging patient in Thomas Edison - a totally deaf, eighty-four-year-old-man who did not bathe more than once a week, but did not believe in exercise, still (by his own account) "chewed tobacco continuously" and smoked several cigars a fay, and whose only foods were milk and the occasional glass of orange juice... In later years, Edison also suffered from diabetes and Bright's disease”. Bright’s disease is the old name for renal failure. He died uraemic on October 18th 1931. One can see how Edison would have benefited, like Bell, from attending a dietitian, and having smoking cessation advice. And unlike his Scottish counterpart, he would have been more likely to heed their advice. After all, wasn’t Edison the one who famously said:“The doctor of the future will give no medicine, but will interest her or his patients in the care of the human frame, in a proper diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease”?Now let us move on to diabetes itself. DIABETES – THOUGHTS ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGYOne of the biggest lessons of diabetes, is that it induces a feeling of appreciation of normal metabolism. The primitive human being, by virtue of instinct, knows that through lack of food and water, oxygen and warmth, he will die. We know this death is caused by cardiac arrest, and treating these three, if present, is part of the established cardiac arrest management algorithm (namely hypothermia, hypoxia, hypovolaemia). We always pierce the patient’s finger to check his blood glucose (in any comatose patient, including that due to a cardiac arrest). Both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are sinister and are treated aggressively, and what is important to realise is that they are both forms of ‘body starvation’ – not just hypoglycaemia. Whereas in hypoglycaemia, the body is starved of fuel, in diabetic hyperglycaemia, the body is starved of glucose utilisation, and in a desperate attempt, tries to consume other fuels, fats and proteins, which is only possible for a short while without severe consequences, which we shall discuss later. What is important to realise too is that hyperglycaemia not only leads to metabolic consequences, but also to hypovolaemia. This is because of the increased urine output and intracellular fluid loss due to osmotic shift. Indeed, in a patient with severe uncontrolled hyperglycaemia, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or HONK (hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma), it is dehydration that kills them, not the hyperglycaemia per se.Normal glucose regulation is maintained by several complex mechanisms. After any carbohydrate meal, the pancreas responds by releasing insulin from its beta cells (islets of Langerhans). This serves to stop gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and stimulate glycogen synthesis (stimulating the enzyme glycogen synthase) by the liver (as well as glycerol for triglyceride synthesis), and shifts glucose intracellularly (via GLUT-4 receptors) into skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. Note that the liver does not need insulin to get glucose into its cells. It enters simply via a concentration gradient.Why should this be the case? Perhaps the body is being economical with its insulin, knowing that the insulin is required for the insulin-induced stimulation of glycogen synthase and triglyceride synthesis. I do not know, but am sure there is a clever reason behind it.One of the fascinating facts is that the brain, which consumes about 80% of the glucose utilised at rest in the fasting state, it too, like the liver, does not depend on insulin to get to it. The brain has exclusive GLUT-3 receptors. Now, imagine if the brain depended on insulin. This would be a disaster for all type 1 diabetics, who would quickly go into a coma and die once their pancreas is overwhelmed by the disease.Now we mentioned above a fact that everyone knows – after a high carbohydrate meal, the pancreas releases insulin. What we fail to realise and appreciate is that, these four words – ‘the pancreas releases insulin’ is one of the most majestic events of the cosmos. This is not an exaggeration, as I will explain below. Perhaps because we are see so many diabetic patients in hospital and in general practice that we regard it all as monotonous, and so we do not reflect on or appreciate this majesty. But let me break away and begin reflecting on this process like an intelligent child, and prove my point.To begin with – the pancreas needs to detect the glucose cells. Harun Yahya summarises this amazing process as follows, “First, the pancreas cells would find and distinguish the sugar molecules from among all the millions of other molecules in your blood. Moreover, they would count the sugar molecules to decide if the number were too high or too low. Amazingly, cells too small for the eye to see, without eyes, hands, or a brain know the correct proportion of sugar molecules in a fluid.” The glucose enters the beta cells by facilitated diffusion through the glucose transporter, GLUT-2. Although the majority of human cells require insulin to shift insulin into them, the pancreas, like the liver, doesn’t. It is a basic rule of the human body that an organ synthesising a chemical or hormone is never itself dependent on it. It is a form of altruism.Within the beta cells, glucose is metabolised to produce ATP. This ATP closes ATP-dependent potassium channels present in the beta cell membrane, which then depolarises the cell, causing calcium entry, which stimulates exocytosis of insulin. Sulphonylurea drugs, like gliclazide act like ATP here, inhibiting the ATP-dependent potassium channels.The insulin is synthesised as a large molecule – called pre-proinsulin. The reason for this is that it includes a signal peptide, called C-peptide, which is important for directing its proper folding and movement through the Golgi apparatus where it is synthesised (Kaufmann, p.240). Just before storage this is converted to insulin and C-peptide.Unfortunately, for reasons of space, we will not be able to talk about many of these magnificent processes which we are passing by here without much reflection. ATP manufature, depolarisation, insulin (protein) synthesis, exocytosis and cleavage. But the details may be found in any decent biochemistry textbook. I preferred Stryer back in the day.Once insulin is secreted into the bloodstream it exerts its action by binding to receptors primarily in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue; these are tyrosine kinase linked receptors which when bound to insulin result in a conformational change and autophosphorylation, and phosphorylation of IRS (insulin receptor substrate) proteins which activates intracellular signal cascades and enzymes.The actions of insulin are summarised in the table below:Following discussion of insulin’s roles, Harun Yahya concluded wondering, “How can it be that cells without a brain, nervous system, eyes or ears can manage to make such a complex calculation and carry out their function perfectly? How can these unconscious cells formed by the coming together of proteins and fat molecules do things too complicated for humans to achieve? What is the source of this remarkable awareness demonstrated by these unconscious molecules? Surely all of these delicate operations taking place in our bodies show us the existence and power of God Who rules over the universe and all living things.” I wish I were the first to say that!So insulin’s main role is in glucose homeostasis, and indeed, it is the only hormone in the human body that lowers blood glucose, whereas several other hormones can raise it. Why is this the case? As one researcher postulates, “Our body has no back-up system if insulin stops working. Why would that be, do you think? Does it not strike you as odd that in the fabulous system that is our body there is no back-up system for insulin, when our body tends to have all kinds of fall-back plans if something should fail? Perhaps it is worth looking at the question through the eyes of primitive humankind. Not having lived at that time I can't be certain, but I would imagine that there would have been times of limited food, and being able to increase blood sugar levels would have been critically important in order to fuel the body when there was very little or no food being consumed. Just like many other animals, in the spring and summer when fruit, plants and grains were available, it was advantageous to have insulin store some fat to aid chances of survival through the lean winter months. Fruit would be dried, and other foods fermented, but especially in the colder climates, people would rely on wild animals or fish for most of their food in the winter. Meat and fat do not induce a big insulin response. So, perhaps in the body's wisdom, it did not think it needed more than one method to lower blood sugar, as high carbohydrate (plant food) diets simply did not happen day in day out all year round except possibly in tropical climates.”So what happens if there is not enough insulin? Quite simply, there is unopposed action of glucagon and other anti-insulin hormones (catecholamines, cortisol), and the following results:DIABETES AETIOLOGY & PATHOGENESISBut how is diabetes caused? The general consensus is that type 1 is an autoimmune condition triggered by environmental and genetic factors.The autoimmune aspect is postulated because three reasons:The association of type 1 diabetes with other autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, pernicious anaemia, Grave’s disease, and Addison’s disease.The presence of T-cell infiltrates within the islets of type 1 diabeticsDetection of antibodies to islet cell antibodies (ICA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in their serum.Autoimmune diseases are a minefield, and we will discuss them in more detail in the immunology section, but just to overview, they chiefly result from what is known as loss of tolerance. The normal human body has mechanisms that ensure B-cells are unresponsive to self-components, and that T-cells are not mobilized by self-peptides expressed on the MHC of healthy cells. This tolerance may be central, achieved by clonal inactivation or deletion of autoreactive T-cells in the thymus and B-cells in the bone marrow, as well as peripheral.Autoimmune diseases, although dreadful, highlight to the majority of mankind the presence of these mechanisms. Were they not present, would we have appreciated ‘tolerance’ and its very clever mechanisms? The answer is probably not. This is another argument for intelligent design – a normal human body cannot exist without a perfect immune system, which recognizes itself and only attacks others. Even with a normal heart, lung, joints, GI tract etc; if the immune system does not institute tolerance, disaster will follow, as all type 1 diabetics, and patients of other autoimmune disease know. Other examples of autoimmune disease are tabled below. The autoimmune event may be triggered or propagated by environmental factors. This is suggested by epidemiological studies, which show that clinical onset of type 1 diabetes peaks in the spring and autumn months, coinciding with higher incidence of viral infections at these times.Genetic factors are suggested by studies on its prevalence in twins – 50% in monozygotic twins, and 6% in dizygotic twins, and an increased risk of 6% of developing type 1 DM in first-degree relatives of patients with it. It is interesting to note that people at such increased risk may be monitored in the future by measuring the aforementioned ICA antibodies, which precede development of hyperglycaemia by many months, possibly years.An interesting observation is that the body has a huge reserve of islet cells, and that hyperglycaemia only develops once 75% of beta cells are lost. Such is the kindness of the Creator. He has given us more than we need.As for type 2 diabetes, there is no autoimmune component, but genetic, environmental and possibly also fetomaternal factors are important. Let us reflect on these aspects for a minute.Genetic factors are suggested by a higher concordance in monozygotic than dizygotic twins, as for type 1 diabetes, and also a higher prevalence in certain full-blooded populations compared to mixed races (e.g. Naurans in the South Pacific). Indeed, certain genetic defects have been illustrated in some cases (MODY – maturity onset diabetes of the young). These are listed in the tables below, with a table of the classification of MODY disorders. It is important to have an intact enzymatic pathway for insulin action and beta cell function. In addition, there are a number of ‘insulinopathies’, very rare genetic conditions inherited also in an AD fashion where abnormal insulin is secreted. The amino acid changes are so subtle, yet end in disaster, highlighting the magnificent accuracy of the human body in the majority of us with normal insulin. Had we not known about these insulinopathies, would we have appreciated this aspect, one wonders? Very unlikely, and the synthesis of insulin would have been taken for granted.
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